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its nonfatigue contraction intensity. The method extended the measured range of isometric contraction to 100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using an ultrasonic shear wave measurement setup. Yet, it has not been revealed how this relationship could be affected by factors like age or sex. To clarify these questions, vastus intermedius (VI) stiffness of 40 healthy subjects was assessed under 11 step levels of isometric contraction. The subjects were divided into four groups: young males, young females, elderly males, and elderly females (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">1<\/mml:mn><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>for each). In a relaxed state, no significant difference was observed between the male and female subjects (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.156<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) nor between the young and elderly subjects (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.221<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). However, when performing isometric contraction, the VI stiffness of males was found to be significantly higher than that of females at the same level (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and that of the young was higher than the elderly (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Meanwhile, for two knee joint angles used, the stiffness measured at a 90\u00b0 knee joint angle was always significantly larger than that measured at 60\u00b0 (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Recognizing the active muscle stiffness of VI contributes to body stability, and these results may provide insight into the age and sex bias in musculoskeletal studies, such as those on fall risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9469548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,3]],"date-time":"2017-04-03T22:01:41Z","timestamp":1491256901000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Age and Sex Effects on the Active Stiffness of Vastus Intermedius under Isometric Contraction"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2017","author":[{"given":"Cong-Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. 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