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In a TSCH network, all nodes must maintain high\u2010precision synchronization. If an adversary launches a time\u2010synchronization attack on a TSCH network, the entire network communication system can be paralyzed. Thus, time\u2010synchronization security is a key problem in this network. In this article, time synchronization is divided into single\u2010hop pairwise, clusterwise, and three\u2010level multihop according to the network scope. We deeply analyze their security vulnerabilities due to the TSCH technology itself and its high\u2010precision synchronization requirements and identify the specific attacks; then, we propose corresponding security countermeasures. Finally, we built a test bed using 16 OpenMoteSTM nodes and the OpenWSN software to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The experimental results showed that serious security vulnerabilities exist in time\u2010synchronization protocols, and the proposed countermeasures can successfully defend against the attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1954121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T23:30:34Z","timestamp":1544484634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Security Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures for Time Synchronization in TSCH Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9176-7711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yadong","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2134-0998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanlong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2015.2435000"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2014.2306798"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tii.2015.2513767"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","unstructured":"IEEE Standard 802.15.4-2006 \u201cIEEE Standard for Information Technology Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) \u201d 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","unstructured":"International Society of Automation \u201cISA-100.11a-2011: Wireless systems for industrial automation: process control and related applications \u201d 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","article-title":"WirelessHART Specification 75: TDMA Data-Link Layer","author":"HART Communication Foundation","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","unstructured":"IEEE Standard 802.15.4-2015 \u201cIEEE 802.15.4-2015: IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) \u201d 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1380564.1380571"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2614"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2227342"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsp.2013.2286102"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2015.2495147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ifs.2016.0232"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HeJ. 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