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If the spatial distribution allows cooperators to interact with each other frequently, the benefits of cooperation will outweigh the losses due to exploitation by selfish organisms. However, for a cooperative behavior to get established in a system, it needs to be found initially in a sufficiently large cluster to allow a high frequency of intracooperator interactions. Since mutations are rare events, this poses the question of how cooperation can arise in a biological system in the first place. We present a simple model which captures two concepts from genetics that can explain how evolution overcomes the emergence problem. The first concept is, often in nature, a gene may not express its phenotype except under specific environmental conditions, rendering it to be a \u201csilent\u201d gene. The second key idea is that a neutral gene, one that does not harm or improve an organism\u2019s survival chances, can still spread through a population if it is physically near to another gene that is positively selected. Through these two ideas, our model offers a possible solution to the fundamental problem of emergence of cooperation in biological systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2082037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T23:30:38Z","timestamp":1537313438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Silent Cooperator: An Epigenetic Model for Emergence of Altruistic Traits in Biological Systems"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Hashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Telen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Nimmegeers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Van Impe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Theory of Cooperation","year":"2001","author":"Gardner A.","key":"e_1_2_7_1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127493000040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/18913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","unstructured":"WestJ. 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