{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T20:32:17Z","timestamp":1781987537062,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540339200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004503","name":"Benha University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004503","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental and Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV infection worldwide. This project aimed at identifying the role of HCV transmission among household contacts to index cases in the persistent high incidence of HCV infection in Egypt.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This cross-sectional study recruited 70 Egyptian cases with chronic liver diseases and their household contacts (140 contacts) from Qalubeyia Governorate. An interview questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors to HCV infection. HCV-RNA was tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to estimate the risk of HCV infection among contacts.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. HCV viremia was detected in 85.7% of cases and 20% of contacts. HCV-RNA was detected in higher proportion of household contacts to cases than the general population. Contacts to HCV-positive cases were unlikely exposed to used syringe (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.02<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and unlikely to have history of Bilharziasis (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) compared to contacts to HCV-negative cases. HCV-positive contacts were more likely older (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and married (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.008<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and had higher crowding index (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) than HCV-negative contacts. Also, HCV-positive contacts were more likely exposed to blood transfusion (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.008<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and shaving at community barber (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and had history of Bilharziasis (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). The strongest predictors for HCV infection among contacts were old age (OR, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.02 to 1.15;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) and blood transfusion (8.08, 1.75 to 37.3;<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.007<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Nonetheless, household contacts to HCV cases are exposed to increased risk of HCV infection, and environmental exposure particularly blood transfusion remained a major source of HCV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2153537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T23:40:59Z","timestamp":1540424459000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of HCV Infection in Household Contacts of Chronic Liver Diseases Cases in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-7931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanaa E.","family":"Bayomy Helal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Banha Faculty of Medicine, Banha, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmoniem","family":"Yuonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Banha Faculty of Medicine, Banha, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania H. M.","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Banha Faculty of Medicine, Banha, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Ahmed","family":"Elawady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Banha Faculty of Medicine, Banha, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1"},{"issue":"s1","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12248","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"3"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)06527-7"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12410"},{"issue":"8","key":"7","first-page":"956","volume":"78","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099677"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13316"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-2-29"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.05.021"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2010.51.219"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8438"},{"key":"14","year":"2014"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.20797"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.13186"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20811"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/hmer.s129681"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojgas.2014.45034"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-237"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-0016-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"22","first-page":"157","volume":"4","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a3628"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02843.x"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13660"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis410"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-1149-y"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2011.01513.x"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.10.003"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.633"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.07.033"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jeph\/2018\/2153537.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jeph\/2018\/2153537.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jeph\/2018\/2153537.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T19:01:13Z","timestamp":1720724473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jeph\/2018\/2153537\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["2153537","2153537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2153537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9805","1687-9813"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9805","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9813","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]}}}