{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T08:51:18Z","timestamp":1775292678911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":335,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61602155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61602155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61871430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61871430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1604155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1604155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61370221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61370221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004773","name":"Henan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19zx010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19zx010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computing offloading of mobile devices (MDs) through cloud is a greatly effective way to solve the problem of local resource constraints. However, cloud servers are usually located far away from MDs leading to a long response time. To this end, edge cloud servers (ECSs) provide a shorter response time due to being closer to MDs. In this paper, we propose a computing offloading game for MDs and ECSs. We prove the existence of a Stackelberg equilibrium in the game. In addition, we propose two algorithms, F\u2010SGA and C\u2010SGA, for delay\u2010sensitive and compute\u2010intensive applications, respectively. Moreover, the response time is reduced by F\u2010SGA, which makes decisions quickly. An optimal decision is obtained by C\u2010SGA, which achieves the equilibrium. Both algorithms above proposed can adjust the computing resource and utility of system users according to parameters control in computing offloading. The simulation results show that the game significantly saves the computing resources and response time of both the MD and the ECSs during the computing offloading process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2179316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T18:31:52Z","timestamp":1543775512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Computing Offloading Game for Mobile Devices and Edge Cloud Servers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9059-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingtao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junlong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0932-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingchuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangW. HanB. andHuiP. On the networking challenges of mobile Augmented Reality Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Network VR\/AR Network 2017 USA 24\u201329 2-s2.0-85030164111.","DOI":"10.1145\/3097895.3097900"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2593919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2829513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/617087"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v9i3.2678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OlssonM. CavdarC. FrengerP. TombazS. SabellaD. andJanttiR. 5GrEEn: Towards Green 5G mobile networks Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 9th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing Networking and Communications (WiMob) October 2013 Lyon France 212\u2013216 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/WiMOB.2013.6673363.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2013.6673363"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnet.2015.2487344"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TongL. LiY. andGaoW. A hierarchical edge cloud architecture for mobile computing Proceedings of the 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications IEEE INFOCOM 2016 April 2016 USA 2-s2.0-84983271749 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM.2016.7524340.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2016.7524340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.2013.6549279"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TayadeS. RostP. MaederA. andSchottenH. D. Device-centric energy optimization for edge cloud offloading Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2017) December 2017 Singapore 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254628.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2010.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2017.2754482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2740927"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2017.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JosiloS.andDanG. A game theoretic analysis of selfish mobile computation offloading Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2017 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications May 2017 Atlanta GA USA 1\u20139 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8057148.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8057148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2014.2307293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16070974"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SuciptoK. ChatzopoulosD. KostapS. andHuiP. Keep your nice friends close but your rich friends closer - Computation offloading using NFC Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications INFOCOM 2017 May 2017 USA 2-s2.0-85034036679.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8057147"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.943998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiZ. WangC. andXuR. Computation offloading to save energy on handheld devices: A partition scheme Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Compilers Architecture and Synthesis for Embedded Systems CASES 2001 November 2001 USA 238\u2013246 2-s2.0-84991625536.","DOI":"10.1145\/502217.502257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4427231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CuervoyE. BalasubramanianA. ChoD.-K. WolmanA. SaroiuS. ChandraR. andBahlxP. MAUI: making smartphones last longer with code offload Proceedings of the 8th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems Applications and Services (MobiSys \u203210) June 2010 New York NY USA 49\u201362 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/1814433.1814441 2-s2.0-77954993714.","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","unstructured":"PatelM. NaughtonB. ChanC.et al. Mobile-edge computing introductory technical white paper White Paper Mobile-edge Computing (MEC) industry initiative 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2762345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2760478"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenZ. KlatzkyR. SiewiorekD. SatyanarayananM. HuW. WangJ. ZhaoS. AmosB. WuG. HaK. ElgazzarK. andPillaiP. An empirical study of latency in an emerging class of edge computing applications for wearable cognitive assistance Proceedings of the the Second ACM\/IEEE Symposium October 2017 San Jose California 1\u201314 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3132211.3134458.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132211.3134458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WangF.andZhangX. Dynamic Computation Offloading and Resource Allocation over Mobile Edge Computing Networks with Energy Harvesting Capability Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2018) May 2018 Kansas City MO 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422096.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2018.1700119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuoK. YangM. ZhangY. andJiY. An Efficient Dynamic Offloading Approach Based on Optimization Technique for Mobile Edge Computing Proceedings of the 2018 6th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Cloud Computing Services and Engineering (MobileCloud) March 2018 Bamberg 29\u201336 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MobileCloud.2018.00013.","DOI":"10.1109\/MobileCloud.2018.00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2785305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HuW. GaoY. HaK. WangJ. AmosB. ChenZ. PillaiP. andSatyanarayananM. Quantifying the Impact of Edge Computing on Mobile Applications Proceedings of the the 7th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop August 2016 Hong Kong Hong Kong 1\u20138 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2967360.2967369.","DOI":"10.1145\/2967360.2967369"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSIPN.2015.2448520"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2265936"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2815015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-015-0881-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NowakD. MahnT. Al-ShatriH. SchwartzA. andKleinA. A Generalized Nash Game for Mobile Edge Computation Offloading Proceedings of the 2018 6th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Cloud Computing Services and Engineering (MobileCloud) March 2018 Bamberg 95\u2013102 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MobileCloud.2018.00022.","DOI":"10.1109\/MobileCloud.2018.00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpds.2014.2316834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","article-title":"Heterogeneity playing key role: Modeling and analyzing the dynamics of incentive mechanisms in autonomous networks","volume":"7","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems (TAAS)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2854579"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuoJ. SongZ. CuiY. LiuZ. andJiY. Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for Multi-User Mobile Edge Computing Proceedings of the GLOBECOM 2017 - 2017 IEEE Global Communications Conference December 2017 Singapore 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254044.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2017.8254044"}],"container-title":["Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2018\/2179316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/wcmc\/2018\/2179316.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2018\/2179316","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T07:58:24Z","timestamp":1775289504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2018\/2179316"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Seeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2018\/2179316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2179316","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-8669","1530-8677"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-8669","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8677","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2179316"}}