{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T02:32:28Z","timestamp":1768703548036,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":234,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002861","name":"China Three Gorges University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51707102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51707102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To achieve automatic generation control coordination in the islanded smart grid environment resulted from the increasing penetration of renewable energy, a novel ecological population cooperative control (EPCC) strategy is proposed in this paper. The proposed EPCC, based on the new win\u2010loss criterion and the time tunnel idea, can compute the win\u2010loss criterion accurately and converge to Nash equilibrium rapidly. Moreover, based on a multiagent system stochastic consensus game (MAS\u2010SCG) framework, a frequent information exchange between agents (AGC units) is implemented to rapidly calculate optimal power command, which achieves the optimal cooperative control of the islanded smart grid. The PDWoLF\u2010PHC(<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>), WPH strategy (wolf pack hunting), DWoLF\u2010PHC(<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>), Q(<jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>)\u2010learning, and Q\u2010learning are implemented into the islanded smart grid model for the control performance analysis. Two case studies have been done, including the modified IEEE standard two\u2010area load frequency control power system model and the islanded smart grid model with distributed energy and microgrids. The effectiveness, stronger robustness, and better adaptability in the islanded smart grid of the proposed method are verified. Compared with five other smart ones, EPCC can improve convergence speed than that of others by nearly 33.9%\u201350.1% and the qualification rate of frequency assessment effectively by 2%\u201364% and can reduce power generation cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2456963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T23:33:23Z","timestamp":1535067203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Novel Automatic Generation Control Method Based on the Ecological Population Cooperative Control for the Islanded Smart Grid"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5564-9953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8949-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuehua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1369-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-0625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2017.2777975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amr.1070-1072.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CaiC. ChengS. JiangB. DaiW. WuM. andZhangJ. Optimal operation of microgrid composed of small hydropower and photovoltaic generation with energy storage based on multiple scenarios technique 2015 5th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT) November 2015 Changsha China 2185\u20132190 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/drpt.2015.7432601 2-s2.0-84968806863.","DOI":"10.1109\/DRPT.2015.7432601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2016.2613941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","volume-title":"Frequency Control Strategy of the Islanded Microgrid","author":"Ting H. E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuY. GuerreroJ. M. ChangL. SuJ. andMaoM. Modeling analysis and design of a frequency-droop-based virtual synchronous generator for microgrid applications 2013 IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder June 2013 Melbourne VIC Australia 643\u2013649 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ecce-asia.2013.6579167 2-s2.0-84883697768.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE-Asia.2013.6579167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12720\/sgce.1.1.122-128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.08.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2102372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2012.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2310634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2014.2357079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","volume-title":"Smart Generation Control for Micro-Grids Based on Correlated Equilibrium Q(\u03bb) Learning Algorithm","author":"Tang J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","article-title":"A novel policy for smart generation control","author":"Chen X.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of New Industrialization"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.07.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpwrs.2014.2299436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KarS.andHugG. Distributed robust economic dispatch in power systems: a consensus + innovations approach 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting July 2012 San Diego CA USA 1\u20138 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/pesgm.2012.6345156 2-s2.0-84870599068.","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2012.6345156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2016.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"A fast multi-agent learning strategy base on DWoLF-PHC (\u03bb) for smart generation control of power systems","volume":"30","author":"Xi L.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Voltage and reactive power coordinated control system of hierarchical and distributed structure based on multi-agent system","volume":"31","author":"Guo H. X.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Power System Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(02)00121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BanerjeeB.andPengJ. Adaptive policy gradient in multiagent learning AAMAS \u203203 Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems July 2003 Melbourne Australia 686\u2013669 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/860575.860686.","DOI":"10.1145\/860685.860686"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00992698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-015-0665-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.44-47.3611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","first-page":"282","article-title":"A fast Q(\u03bb) algorithm based on second-order TD error","volume":"26","author":"Fu Q. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","first-page":"134","article-title":"Research on grid frequency regulation using schedulable capacity of electric vehicles","volume":"43","author":"He C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Power System Protection and Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","volume-title":"Power System Stability and Control","author":"Kundur P.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SahaA. K. ChowdhuryS. ChowdhuryS. P. andCrossleyP. A. Modelling and simulation of microturbine in islanded and grid-connected mode as distributed energy resource 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century July 2008 Pittsburgh PA USA 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/pes.2008.4596532 2-s2.0-52349123822.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2008.4596532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2012.2198909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10798587.2010.10643080"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","article-title":"Modelling and performance optimization by simulation of a stand-alone solar photovoltaic system","volume":"6","author":"Reshmi K. S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2233773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Hierarchical AGC mode and CPS control strategy for interconnected power systems","volume":"28","author":"Gao Z.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Automation of Electric Power Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2550440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.01.130"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2018\/2456963.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2018\/2456963.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2018\/2456963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T23:07:27Z","timestamp":1723158447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2018\/2456963"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zhile","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2018\/2456963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2456963","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-08-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2456963"}}