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Studies have shown associations between MDS and other autoimmune diseases. Several immune mechanisms have been identified in MDS, suggesting that immune dysregulation might be at least partially implicated in its pathogenesis. This has led to rigorous investigations on the role of immunomodulatory drugs as potential treatment options. Epigenetic modification via immune check point inhibition, while well established as a treatment method for advanced solid tumors, is a new approach being considered in hematologic malignancies including high risk MDS. Several trials are looking at the efficacy of these agents in MDS, as frontline therapy and in relapse, both as monotherapy and in combination with other drugs. In this review, we explore the utility of immune checkpoint inhibitors in MDS and current research evaluating their efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2458679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T19:49:18Z","timestamp":1541101758000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Rising Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Myelodysplastic Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2275-2508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nora","family":"Chokr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA"},{"name":"Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 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