{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T08:51:22Z","timestamp":1775292682238,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543708800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dexa Medica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    is one of the Indonesian herbal plants which has been shown to have a hepatoprotective effect. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of water extract of mahkota dewa (\n                    <jats:italic>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in liver fibrosis and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) for 8 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5), i.e., control group, CCl4 group, CCl4 + NAC group, CCl4 + various doses of water extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (50, 100, and 150 mg\/kg body weight). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), liver histopathology, malondialdehyde (MDA), ratio GSH\/GSSG, Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF-)\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and Transforming Growth Factor- (TGF-)\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    were analyzed\n                    <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study demonstrated that water extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and NAC significantly protected CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced liver injury as demonstrated by reduced AST, ALT, ALP, and fibrosis percentage compared with the CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -only group. In addition, water extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and NAC significantly reduced the levels of MDA, TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    as well as increasing the ratio of GSH\/GSSG. Water extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevents CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced fibrosis in rats. The prevention of liver fibrosis was at least in part through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and through its capacity to inhibit hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation by reducing fibrogenic cytokine TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2642714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T18:32:55Z","timestamp":1543775575000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Protective Effect of\n                    <i>Phaleria macrocarpa<\/i>\n                    Water Extract (Proliverenol) against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats: Role of TNF-\n                    <i>\u03b1<\/i>\n                    and TGF-\n                    <i>\u03b2<\/i>\n                    1"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Nanik","family":"Sundari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8013-8557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivian","family":"Soetikno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9451-0380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melva","family":"Louisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bantari 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