{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:31:44Z","timestamp":1780083104646,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531094400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Istanbul Medipol University","award":["10840098-604.01.01-E.3193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10840098-604.01.01-E.3193"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>. The current study was aiming to investigate the relation between vitamin D, retinopathy, and hearing loss among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.<jats:italic> Methods<\/jats:italic>. Cross-sectional study carried on 638 subjects aged between 20 and 60 years who visited the Endocrinology, Ophthalmology, and ENT Outpatient Clinics of the Medipol Hospital during the period from March 2016 to May 2017. Two audiometers Grason Stadler GSI 61 and Interacoustics AC40 Clinical audiometer were used to evaluate the hearing loss. Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy were evaluated, including age, sex, diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hypertension, and lipid profiles.<jats:italic> Results<\/jats:italic>. The mean age (\u00b1 SD, in years) for retinopathy with hearing loss versus normal subjects was 47.7 \u00b110.2 versus 48.5\u00b19.1. The associated risk factors were significantly higher in T2DM with hearing loss, hypertension (32.6% versus 15.7%), tinnitus (40.0% versus 18.0%), vertigo (59.7% versus 26.8%), and headache (54.9% versus 45.3%), than in normal hearing diabetes. There were statistically significant differences between hearing impairment versus normal hearing for vitamin D [19.40\u00b19.71\u2009ng\/ml versus 22.67\u00b19.28\u2009ng\/ml; p&lt;0.001], calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, albumin, systolic blood pressure [131.70\u00b19.25 Hg versus 127.73\u00b111.98 Hg], diastolic blood pressure [82.20\u00b18.60\u2009mm Hg versus 79.80\u00b18.20\u2009mm Hg], and microalbuminuria. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that variables such as vertigo, duration of DM, mobile\/I pad phone, vitamin D deficiency, sleeping disturbance, headache, frequently TV watching, tinnitus, cigarette smokers, and hypertension were considered at higher risk as a predictors of retinopathy with hearing loss among diabetic patients.<jats:italic> Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Vitamin D deficiency is considered as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy and hearing loss among diabetic patients. Meanwhile, hyperglycemia could be considered as a modifiable risk factor for diabetic retinopathy; tight glycemic control may be the most effective and important therapy for improving quality of life and substantially reducing the incidence of retinopathy and in T2DM patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2714590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]],"date-time":"2018-07-09T19:31:27Z","timestamp":1531164687000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Retinopathy and Hearing Loss among Type 2 Diabetic Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7902-5803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdulbari","family":"Bener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, Cerrahpa\u015fa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Evidence for Population Health Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Medipol International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Elia\u00e7\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Medipol International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6221-7788","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hakan","family":"Cincik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT and Audiology, Medipol International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Medipol International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph A.","family":"DeFronzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abdul-Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"},{"name":"Academic Health System, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1","first-page":"41","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral 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