{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:48:31Z","timestamp":1771037311784,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":281,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Myanmar has a rich pool of, but less known, medicinal plants with traditional knowledge. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of traditional Myanmar medicinal plants against the type III secretion system (T3SS) of <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium UK\u20101 <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>8956 and the intestinal disease\u2010caused by microbes including <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium UK\u20101 <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>8956, <jats:italic>Proteusbacillus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> CPCC 160013<jats:italic>, Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> CICC 10003, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> ATCC 25923. The EtOH extracts of 93 samples were used to screen the inhibitory activities against the secretion of T3SS effector proteins SipA\/B\/C\/D of <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic> and the antibacterial activity against <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. vulgaris, E. coli,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus.<\/jats:italic> Out of 71 crude drugs traditionally used, 18 were proofed to be effective either on the growth inhibition of tested bacteria and\/or as inhibitors for the T3SS. The EtOH extracts of five plants, <jats:italic>Luvunga scandens<\/jats:italic> (Roxb.) Buch.\u2010Ham. ex Wight &amp; Arn. (My7), <jats:italic>Myrica nagi<\/jats:italic> Thunb. (My11), <jats:italic>Terminalia citrina<\/jats:italic> Roxb. ex Fleming (My21), <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic> L. (My49), and <jats:italic>Cinnamomum bejolghota<\/jats:italic> (Buch.\u2010Ham.) Sweet (My104), showed potent inhibitory activities against the secretion of T3SS proteins SipA\/B\/C\/D of <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium UK\u20101 <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic> 8956. <jats:italic>Mansonia gagei<\/jats:italic> J.R.Drumm (My3) and <jats:italic>Mesua ferrea<\/jats:italic> (Roxb.) L. (My10) showed strong antibacterial activities against <jats:italic>P. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus.<\/jats:italic> This study provided the first scientific evidence of T3SS prohibiting and antibacterial properties for the traditional knowledge in Myanmar of using plants as medicines for treating infections and gastrointestinal disease. Further researches are proposed to discover the active chemical compounds and mechanism of <jats:italic>L. scandens<\/jats:italic> (Roxb.) Buch.\u2010Ham. ex Wight &amp; Arn, <jats:italic>M. nagi<\/jats:italic> Thunb., <jats:italic>T. citrina<\/jats:italic> Roxb. ex Fleming, <jats:italic>T. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> L., and <jats:italic>C. bejolghota<\/jats:italic> (Buch.\u2010Ham.) Sweet as antivirulence drugs and the potential of <jats:italic>M. gagei<\/jats:italic> J.R.Drumm and <jats:italic>M. ferrea<\/jats:italic> L. as new broad spectrum plant antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2812908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T23:33:23Z","timestamp":1539128003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigation on the Antibacterial and Anti\u2010T3SS Activity of Traditional Myanmar Medicinal Plants"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Tianhong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thaung Naing","family":"Oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myint Myint","family":"San","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aye Mya","family":"Mon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pyae Phyo","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuehu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-2745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00975-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01598-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2010.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(03)00046-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02421-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-407"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","volume-title":"Medicinal Plant List of Myanmar","author":"Lwin K. 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