{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:44:39Z","timestamp":1778802279005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Different subsets of asthma patients may be recognized according to the exposure trigger and the frequency and severity of clinical signs and symptoms. Regarding the exposure trigger, generally asthma can be classified as allergic (or atopic) and nonallergic (or nonatopic). Allergic and nonallergic asthma are distinguished by the presence or absence of clinical allergic reaction and in vitro IgE response to specific aeroallergens. The mechanisms of allergic asthma have been extensively studied with major advances in the last two decades. Nonallergic asthma is characterized by its apparent independence from allergen exposure and sensitization and a higher degree of severity, but little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Clinically, allergic and nonallergic asthma are virtually indistinguishable in exacerbations, although exacerbation following allergen exposure is typical of allergic asthma. Although they both show several distinct clinical phenotypes and different biomarkers, there are no ideal biomarkers to stratify asthma phenotypes and guide therapy in clinical practice. Nevertheless, some biomarkers may be helpful to select subsets of atopic patients which might benefit from biologic agents, such as omalizumab. Patients with severe asthma, uncontrolled besides optimal treatment, notwithstanding nonatopic, may also benefit from omalizumab therapy, although currently there are no randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trials to support this suggestion. However, omalizumab discontinuation according to each patient\u2019s response to therapy and pharmacoeconomical analysis are questions that remain to be answered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3254094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T06:32:50Z","timestamp":1537252370000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Omalizumab for Severe Asthma: Beyond Allergic Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"C. C.","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Department, Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoallergology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho (CHVNGE), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia\/Espinho (CHVNGE), Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pardal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Hospital S\u00e3o Bernardo, Set\u00fabal, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Semedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Department, Hospital Santa Marta, Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-6264","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A.","family":"Arrobas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Hospital Geral, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","year":"2017"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07302-9","volume":"351","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.94.07050954"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRPM.S5535"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-7022-2-1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200018060-00006"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-9-24"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2017.07.003"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310145"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00202013"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1961"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.08.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"14","first-page":"23","volume":"46","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ghana Medical Journal"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03298.x"},{"issue":"83","key":"16","first-page":"243","volume":"15","year":"2013","journal-title":"Discovery Medicine"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2011.01227.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2007.00001.x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2013.810244"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2014.991971"},{"issue":"5","key":"21","first-page":"370","volume":"13","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology"},{"key":"22","first-page":"147","volume":"19","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.07.010"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0203-y"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01535-2"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.07.003"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2004.00554.x"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13110312"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-201249"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60874-X"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00620.x"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"32","first-page":"69","volume":"16","year":"1998","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmn104"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0896oc"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00261903","volume":"22","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00779-2015"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1754oc"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32834a955a"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rppnen.2015.07.006"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69290-8"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2678"},{"key":"42","first-page":"76","volume":"23","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.014"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.06.029"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107398"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200411-1498OC"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.11.2006165"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2012125"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03071.x"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1106469"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2457"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8163803"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30031-5"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1414OC"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000342"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"58","volume":"49","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.10.007"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100645"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1838"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026616666151015093406"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.02.018"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02993.x"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0354-z"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036631"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000346"},{"issue":"1","key":"68","first-page":"45","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01824-2014"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60988-x"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201103-0396oc"},{"issue":"5","key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.5.2623","volume":"151","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.06.032"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.11.044"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070434"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.012"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12375"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200312-1651OC"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.11.022"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000350852"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.09.011"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/PiAP.2016.0029"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.028"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61170-2"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.021"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02201.x"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0120OC"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00036307","volume":"30","year":"2007","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1996"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.5.1285"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.9.5724"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02954.x"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31281-3"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.09.045"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00203412"},{"key":"97","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Allergy"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.6.8665058"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-0128"},{"key":"100","volume":"7, article 9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2014.10.010"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203738"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.757780"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2013.782391"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-015-8490-y"},{"key":"106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000340"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/3254094.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/3254094.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/3254094.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T05:41:22Z","timestamp":1693892482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/3254094\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["3254094","3254094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3254094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]}}}