{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T13:23:58Z","timestamp":1775913838931,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533513600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a comparative evaluation of three real-time imaging-based approaches for the prediction of optically active water constituents as chlorophyll-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> (Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>), turbidity, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and reservoir water colour. The imaging models comprise of Landsat ETM+-visible and NIR (VNIR) data and EyeOnWater and HydroColor Smartphone sensor apps. To estimate the selected water quality parameters (WQP) from Landsat ETM+-VNIR, predictive models based on empirical relationships were developed. From the in situ measurements and the Landsat regression models, the results from the remote reflectances of ETM+ green, blue, and NIR independently yielded the best fits for the respective predictions of Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>, turbidity, and SPM. The concentration of Chl-<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic> was derived from the Landsat ETM+ and HydroColor with respective Pearson correlation coefficients <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math> of 0.8977 and 0.8310. The degree of turbidity was determined from Landsat, EyeOnWater, and HydroColor with respective <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math> values of 0.9628, 0.819, and 0.8405. From the same models, the retrieved SPM was regressed with the laboratory measurements with <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>r<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math> value results of 0.6808, 0.7315, and 0.8637, respectively, from Landsat ETM+, EyeOnWater, and HydroColor. The empirical study results showed that the imaging models can be effectively applied in the estimation of the physical WQP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3490757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T19:30:51Z","timestamp":1533583851000},"page":"1-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Estimation of Reservoir Bio-Optical Water Quality Parameters Using Smartphone Sensor Apps and Landsat ETM+: Review and Comparative Experimental Results"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1163-0385","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yashon O.","family":"Ouma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Waga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Moi University, Eldoret, 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