{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T04:25:30Z","timestamp":1774153530150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530489600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008127","name":"Universiti Malaysia Sarawak","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MyRA F02\/SpSTG\/1374\/16\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MyRA F02\/SpSTG\/1374\/16\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008127","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Short Term Grant","award":["MyRA F02\/SpSTG\/1374\/16\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MyRA F02\/SpSTG\/1374\/16\/16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital image processing is one of the most widely used computer vision technologies in biomedical engineering. In the present modern ophthalmological practice, biomarkers analysis through digital fundus image processing analysis greatly contributes to vision science. This further facilitates developments in medical imaging, enabling this robust technology to attain extensive scopes in biomedical engineering platform. Various diagnostic techniques are used to analyze retinal microvasculature image to enable geometric features measurements such as vessel tortuosity, branching angles, branching coefficient, vessel diameter, and fractal dimension. These extracted markers or characterized fundus digital image features provide insights and relates quantitative retinal vascular topography abnormalities to various pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, hypertensive retinopathy, transient ischemic attack, neovascular glaucoma, and cardiovascular diseases. Apart from that, this noninvasive research tool is automated, allowing it to be used in large-scale screening programs, and all are described in this present review paper. This paper will also review recent research on the image processing-based extraction techniques of the quantitative retinal microvascular feature. It mainly focuses on features associated with the early symptom of transient ischemic attack or sharp stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4019538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T00:11:52Z","timestamp":1530576712000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["A Review on the Extraction of Quantitative Retinal Microvascular Image Feature"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4103-0674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kuryati","family":"Kipli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Enamul","family":"Hoque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Lik Thai","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hamdi","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0946-0359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siti Kudnie","family":"Sahari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4882-7384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rohana","family":"Sapawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6470-5833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nordiana","family":"Rajaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Kuching, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000216717.72048.6c"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7250.1627"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10851-016-0640-1"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-017-0867-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"5","first-page":"29","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal for Modeling in Ophthalmology"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.07.010","volume":"90","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023425"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S96529"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3454-3"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c623b"},{"issue":"404","key":"11","first-page":"1","volume":"8","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reviews in Neurological Diseases"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.673335"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2388"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0561-1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01414"},{"issue":"1","key":"16","first-page":"109","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001738"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.153460"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.496091"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines5020012","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2009.2017941"},{"issue":"2","key":"22","first-page":"180","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2103566"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.04.004"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2271035"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32835efea3"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.1.016023"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.774169"},{"key":"29","volume-title":"Ocular circulation","year":"1979"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12069"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-6424"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1991.32"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.072546"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001472"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-010-0478-2"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3652709"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.598599"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(01)06253-5"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2010.24.2.83"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2013.10.002"},{"key":"131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/151369"},{"key":"133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2013.07.006"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.25"},{"key":"39","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye and Vision"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2015.1064501"},{"issue":"14","key":"41","first-page":"1","volume":"2","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1999.130"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9386-z"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh688"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000213639"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1997.166"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.05.012"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0996"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2002.806290"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.04.010"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-008-9166-4"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2009.05.005"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.569764"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-4-200402170-00006"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-015-0561-1"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM486"},{"key":"67","year":"2008"},{"issue":"6","key":"68","first-page":"33","volume":"29","year":"1984","journal-title":"RCA Engineer"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(84)90032-X"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/46\/3\/201"},{"key":"71","series-title":"International Congress Series","first-page":"375","volume-title":"The mammographic image analysis society digital mammogram database","volume":"1069","year":"1994"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/titb.2009.2036604"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2005.07.001"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/11599-6962"},{"issue":"5","key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.5.563","volume":"85","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.13.000444"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.05.023"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7309\/jmtm.3.1.3"},{"key":"80","year":"2009"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2005.860605"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2004.07.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"91","first-page":"1140","volume":"2","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.34715"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.820400"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2010.2053042"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1159954"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.12.058"},{"issue":"1","key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2006.885792","volume":"11","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12068"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/10704282_10"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-017-1660-8"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2243447"},{"issue":"2","key":"105","first-page":"540","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compusoft"},{"issue":"8","key":"106","first-page":"1053","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compusoft"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.879967"},{"key":"109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-011-0253-7"},{"key":"110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2011.08.009"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2006.879955"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2009.09.006"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/519024"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2011.09.019"},{"key":"117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/408120"},{"key":"118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2010.2064333"},{"key":"119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1587\/transinf.2014EDP7186"},{"key":"120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.900804"},{"key":"122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2011.03.002"},{"key":"123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2263809"},{"key":"125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.1.74"},{"issue":"1","key":"126","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation. Cardiovascular Genetics"},{"key":"128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1353"},{"issue":"2","key":"129","first-page":"57","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering"},{"key":"130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(00)00084-2"}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/4019538.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/4019538.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/4019538.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T22:09:37Z","timestamp":1720390177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/4019538\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["4019538","4019538"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4019538","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-670X","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-6718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]]}}}