{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T00:24:13Z","timestamp":1793579053394,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]],"date-time":"2018-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535846400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation","award":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2016-0187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2016-0187"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]]},"abstract":"\n Keratoconus is a progressive corneal ectasia that may lead to severe visual impairment due to the irregular astigmatism caused by corneal thinning. In addition to its association with atopy, eye rubbing, or genetic component, late reports suggest the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease. Our aim was to determine the concentration of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, RANTES, IFN gamma, and TNF alpha in the tear film of patients with keratoconus and their first degree family members. We analyzed forty-eight participants in an observational cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of keratoconus had to be confirmed in addition to a minimum of 47\u2009D corneal refractive power by corneal topography readings provided by a Placido-based topography system and analysis of the pattern: irregular astigmatism with an asymmetric \u201cbow-tie.\u201d As for the other groups, the most important diagnosis criteria were a normal topographic pattern with a regular astigmatism. 17 keratoconus patients, 16 relatives, and 15 controls were recruited after clinical assessment as part of the research. The cytokine\u2019s mean values were similar in the keratoconus group and the relatives\u2019 samples but significantly higher compared to the controls. Important differences were found in IL-4 levels between keratoconus patients and relatives and between relatives and controls (mean difference of 302.42,\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.0016<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n and 219.16,\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.033<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n , Tukey\u2019s HSD procedure). In the keratoconus group, using the CORR procedure, we found statistically strong correlations of IL-6 lacrimal concentrations with the disease stage (\n \n r<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.56<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ,\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.01<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ), keratometry (\n \n r<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.55<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ,\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.02<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ), pachymetry (\n \n r<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 0.64<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ,\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.048<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ), and corneal hysteresis (\n \n r<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n 0.53<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ,\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n <<\/mml:mo>\n 0.02<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ). Cytokine overexpression may be relevant for the inflammatory etiology of keratoconus. In conclusion, in the case of some first degree family members, the elevated tear biomarkers may represent a supplementary risk factor.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4285268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,2]],"date-time":"2018-09-02T19:33:38Z","timestamp":1535916818000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Overexpression of Tear Inflammatory Cytokines as Additional Finding in Keratoconus Patients and Their First Degree Family Members"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4201-7033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ioana Catalina","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmologic Emergencies, Alexandru Lahovari 1 Square, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-0903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catalina Gabriela","family":"Corbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmologic Emergencies, Alexandru Lahovari 1 Square, Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Oftaclinic Ophthalmology Clinic, Bd. Marasesti 2B, Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-0235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Tanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Splaiul Independentei 99-101, Sector 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Strada D\u00e2mbovnicului 22, Sector 4, 040441 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ionita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry Physics \u201cIlie Murgulescu\u201d, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Nicula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Clinical Emergency Hospital Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor Street 3-5, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Coviltir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmologic Emergencies, Alexandru Lahovari 1 Square, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasile","family":"Potop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmologic Emergencies, Alexandru Lahovari 1 Square, Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Oftaclinic Ophthalmology Clinic, Bd. Marasesti 2B, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Constantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oftaclinic Ophthalmology Clinic, Bd. Marasesti 2B, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Codrici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Splaiul Independentei 99-101, Sector 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-2058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simona","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Splaiul Independentei 99-101, Sector 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8751-0043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ionela Daniela","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Splaiul Independentei 99-101, Sector 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-1096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Enciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Splaiul Independentei 99-101, Sector 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, No. 8 B-dul Eroilor Sanitari, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-9675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana","family":"Dascalescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmologic Emergencies, Alexandru Lahovari 1 Square, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miruna","family":"Burcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Hospital of Ophthalmologic Emergencies, Alexandru Lahovari 1 Square, Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu","family":"Ciuluvica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana-Mary","family":"Voinea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Emergency Hospital, Splaiul Independent, ei 169, 050098 Bucharest, 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