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clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and its heat stable endotoxin in powdered infant formula milk is a potential risk factor in neonatal infections. Cephalosporins are frequently used for treatment of mastitis caused by mastitis; however, use of these antimicrobials may induce antimicrobial resistance in<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>. The objective of this study was to explore the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>effect of subminimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) of cefalotin (CF) and ceftazidime (CAZ) on the morphology, antimicrobial resistance, and endotoxin releasing characteristics of 3<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates recovered from bovine clinical mastitis. The parent<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates, which were susceptible to CF and CAZ, were exposed to CF or CAZ separately at sub-MIC levels to produce 9 generations of induced isolates. Colonies of the CAZ-induced isolates from all 3 parent<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>were smaller on blood agar and the bacteria became filamentous, whereas the CF-induced isolates did not demonstrate prominent morphological changes. After induction by CF or CAZ, many induced isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin, CAZ, CF, kanamycin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid while their parent isolates were susceptible to these antimicrobials. Notably, 5 CAZ-induced isolates from the same parent isolate were found to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) though none of the tested ESBL related genes could be detected. All CAZ-induced isolates released more endotoxin with a higher release rate, whereas endotoxin release of CF-induced<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates was not different from parent isolates. The exposure of cephalosporins at sub-MIC levels induced resistant<jats:italic>Escherichia coli.<\/jats:italic>We inferred that cephalosporins, especially CAZ, should be used prudently for treatment of clinical<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>mastitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4301628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T23:51:19Z","timestamp":1541116279000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Characteristics of<i>Escherichia coli<\/i>Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Exposed to Subminimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Cefalotin or Ceftazidime"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laidi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4798-7725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Piepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1760-958X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S. 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