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Due to a defect in clonal deletion of heart-reactive CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells in the thymus of mice and humans, significant numbers of heart-specific autoreactive CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells circulate in the blood. Normally, regulatory T cells maintain peripheral tolerance and prevent spontaneous myocarditis development. In the presence of tissue damage and innate immune activation, however, activated self-antigen-loaded dendritic cells promote CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>effector T cell expansion and myocarditis. So far, a direct pathogenic role has been described for both activated Th17 and Th1 effector CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell subsets, though Th1 effector T cell-derived interferon-gamma was shown to limit myocarditis severity and prevent transition to inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, recent observations point out that various CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cell subsets demonstrate high plasticity in maintaining immune homeostasis and modulating disease phenotypes in myocarditis. These subsets include Th1 and Th17 effector cells and regulatory T cells, despite the fact that there are still sparse and controversial data on the specific role of FOXP3-expressing Treg in myocarditis. Understanding the specific roles of these T cell populations at different stages of the disease progression might provide a key for the development of successful therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4396351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T23:33:10Z","timestamp":1529623990000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Regulatory Role of CD4<sup>+<\/sup>T Cells in Myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1236-3290","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daria","family":"Vdovenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardioimmunology, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 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