{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:57:32Z","timestamp":1788897452841,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is a cardinal source of community- and hospital-acquired infection. HIV infection is a well-recognized risk factor for methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) carriage and infection. Intrinsically developed antibiotic resistance has sharply increased the burden of MRSA which is often associated with morbidity and mortality of the patients. Moreover, nasal carriage of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> plays a significant role in spread of community-associated (CA) <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infections. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This study was conducted from June 2016 to December 2016 at National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Kathmandu, with an aim to assess the rate of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriage and MRSA carriage among HIV-infected and non-HIV patients. A total of 600 nonrepeated nasal swabs were analyzed following standard microbiological procedures, where 300 swabs were from HIV-infected patients while remaining 300 were from non-HIV patients. The isolates were identified on the basis of colony characteristics and a series of biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) was performed by the modified Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method. Inducible clindamycin resistance in isolates was confirmed by the D-test method. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Overall, out of 600 nasal swabs of patients tested, 125 (20.8%) were <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> nasal carriers which included 80 out of 300 (26.66%) among HIV-infected patients and 45 (15%) out of 300 among non-HIV patients, and the result was statistically significant (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0043<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Among the isolated <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, 11 (13.8%) MRSA were confirmed in HIV-infected while 3 (6.7%) MRSA were detected from non-HIV patients. A higher number of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> carriers was detected among HIV-infected males 40 (26.49%), whereas MRSA carriage was more prevalent among HIV-infected females 7 (5.1%). Among the HIV-infected, patients of age group 31\u201340 years were the ones with highest carriage rate 36 (45%), while in non-HIV patients, the highest rate 13 (28.9%) of carriage was detected among the patients of age group 21\u201330 years. Statistically significant difference was found between <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> carriage and HIV infection in patients (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). Higher rate 2\/3 (66.7%) of inducible clindamycin resistance in MRSA was detected from non-HIV patients in comparison to HIV-infected patients 7\/11 (63.63%) while the result was statistically insignificant (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&gt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). All the MRSA isolates (100%) were resistant against co-trimoxazole while ciprofloxacin showed high rate of sensitivity towards both MSSA and MRSA. None of the isolates were detected as VRSA. The major factors associated with nasal colonization of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> were close personal contact, current smoking habit, and working or living in a farm (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Regular surveillance and monitoring of MRSA nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility pattern are of prime importance in controlling <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> infections especially in high risk groups like HIV-infected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4508757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T18:30:59Z","timestamp":1543948259000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of Nasal Colonization of Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> in HIV-Infected and Non-HIV Patients Attending the National Public Health Laboratory of Central Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Kalash","family":"Neupane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-8901","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Binod","family":"Rayamajhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National College, Tribhuvan University, Khusibu, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, National Public Health Laboratory, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipendra","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National College, Tribhuvan University, Khusibu, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-9590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Binod","family":"G C","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National College, Tribhuvan University, Khusibu, Kathmandu, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh Raj","family":"Pant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu College of Science and Technology, Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep 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