{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:21:25Z","timestamp":1762474885438,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,23]],"date-time":"2018-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":265,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Pediatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (also referred to as group A streptococci, GAS) causes severe invasive diseases such as bacteremia, necrotizing fasciitis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and toxic shock syndrome in children. However, there are only a few reports on pleural empyema caused by GAS in children. Here, we report the case of a 4\u2010year\u2010old boy who presented with pleural empyema due to GAS after influenza A virus infection. With intravenous antibiotic administration and continuous chest\u2010tube drainage, followed by video\u2010assisted thoracoscopic surgery, his condition improved. During the clinical course, cytokines induced in response to the influenza virus, especially IL\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and IL\u201010, were elevated 1 week after influenza A infection, but these decreased as the symptoms improved. Reportedly, the IL\u201010 production increases during influenza virus\u2010bacteria superinfection. These observations suggest that the immunological mechanisms induced by the influenza virus can play an important role in influencing the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, such as GAS, in children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4509847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,23]],"date-time":"2018-09-23T19:30:49Z","timestamp":1537731049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sepsis and Pleural Empyema Caused by\n                    <i>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/i>\n                    after Influenza A Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4242-7008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fumihiro","family":"Ochi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisamichi","family":"Tauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Jogamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiromitsu","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomozo","family":"Moritani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kozo","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2016.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314872"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/inf.0b013e3181df2c70"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.001121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00789-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.12.7603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.11.010"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cripe\/2018\/4509847.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cripe\/2018\/4509847.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2018\/4509847","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:18:23Z","timestamp":1762474703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2018\/4509847"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nina L.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2018\/4509847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4509847","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-6803","2090-6811"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2090-6803"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2090-6811"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-08-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4509847"}}