{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:22:08Z","timestamp":1791588128059,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,9]],"date-time":"2018-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544313600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012017","name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012017","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Analytical Cellular Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 200 million people and accounts for 100,000 deaths annually. In endemic geographical areas, schistosomiasis has been implicated as an etiological agent in the pathogenesis of bladder, colorectal, and renal carcinoma largely due to <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> eggs in tissues that comes with chronic infection. Several studies have also reported cases of association between <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> infection and prostate cancer. The possible causal association is however poorly understood. We hypothesized in this study that infection of the prostate cells with <jats:italic>Schistosoma spp<\/jats:italic> promotes cancer. Urine samples from individuals living in Galilea, a schistosomiasis endemic community in the Ga South District of Ghana, were collected and screened for <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> infection via microscopy and multiplex PCR. Soluble egg antigens (SEA) were prepared from <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> egg-positive urine samples and assessed for the ability to induce cancer-like phenotypes including excessive proliferation, oxidative stress (reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion), and diminished apoptosis in cultured human prostate (PNT2) cells. Molecular analysis revealed infecting schistosome species to be <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>. Prostate cell proliferation was significantly induced by 12.5\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/ml SEA (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.029<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Also, SEA dose-dependently depleted cellular GSH. Flow cytometric analysis and fluorescence staining revealed that SEA dose-dependently diminished apoptosis, significantly, in prostate cells. Findings of this study suggest that schistosome infection may play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> studies are however needed to confirm this association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4675380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,9]],"date-time":"2018-12-09T23:31:05Z","timestamp":1544398265000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["<i>Schistosoma<\/i> Egg Antigen Induces Oncogenic Alterations in Human Prostate Cells"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Isaac","family":"Tuffour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa Manful","family":"Gwira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-7891","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edward","family":"Dumashie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Ashong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-7107","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Regina","family":"Appiah-Opong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20138"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11635"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12713-4"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.779"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)64251-4"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-86702002000100007"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-86702007000500014"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/IJMMS"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029500169682"},{"key":"10","first-page":"2643","volume":"48","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tropical Diseases Bulletin"},{"key":"11","first-page":"1","volume":"100","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.04.003"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00444"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2009.00650.x"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160716085"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-198-7_4"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801744r"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21045"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14024106"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0691"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.435"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-103"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09990447"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/wajae.v15i1.49426"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"26","first-page":"16","volume":"49","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Central African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.04.001"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.10.023"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2010.11.008"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2000.4498"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19961009)68:2<183::AID-IJC7>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"issue":"16","key":"32","first-page":"3795","volume":"53","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1536-1632(03)00024-6"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706556"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90186-I"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.11.049"},{"key":"37","volume":"1","year":"2009"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157436210791112172"}],"container-title":["Analytical Cellular Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/acp\/2018\/4675380.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/acp\/2018\/4675380.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/acp\/2018\/4675380.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T15:13:54Z","timestamp":1589987634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/acp\/2018\/4675380\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,9]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["4675380","4675380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4675380","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-7177","2210-7185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2210-7185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,9]]}}}