{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:32:58Z","timestamp":1772850778204,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528761600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Pulmonology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of inoculation with nontyphoid<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> compared to the general population. While nontyphoid<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> commonly manifests as gastroenteritis,<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> bacteremia can be seen in patients with HIV. We present a case of disseminated<jats:italic> Salmonellosis<\/jats:italic> in a patient with HIV complicated by bronchopleural fistula and secondary empyema.<jats:italic> Case Presentation.<\/jats:italic> A 40-year-old African American male with HIV noncompliant with HAART therapy presented with complaints of generalized weakness, weight loss, cough, night sweats, and nonbloody, watery diarrhea of four weeks\u2019 duration. A computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated a bilobed large, thick-walled cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe communicating with the pleural space to form a bronchopleural fistula. Thoracentesis yielded growth of nontyphi<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> species consistent with empyema; he was treated with intravenous Ceftriaxone and underwent placement of chest tube for drainage of empyema with instillation of alteplase\/dornase twice daily for three days. Repeat CT chest showed a hydropneumothorax. The patient subsequently underwent video-assisted thoracoscopy with decortication. The patient continued to improve and follow-up CT chest demonstrated improved loculated right pneumothorax with resolution of the right bronchopleural fistula and resolution of the cavitary lesions.<jats:italic> Discussion.<\/jats:italic> We describe one of the few cases of development of bronchopulmonary fistula and the formation of empyema in the setting of disseminated<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. Empyema complicated by bronchopulmonary fistula likely led to failure of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy and the patient ultimately required decortication in addition to antibiotics. While<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> bacteremia can be seen in immunocompromised patients, extraintestinal manifestations of<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection such as empyema and bronchopleural fistulas are uncommon. Bronchopleural fistulas most commonly occur as a postoperative complication of pulmonary resection.<jats:italic> Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. This case highlights the unusual pulmonary manifestations that can occur due to disseminated<jats:italic> Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in an immunocompromised patient as well as complex management decisions related to these complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4761725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T19:31:24Z","timestamp":1528831884000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nontyphi Salmonella Empyema with Bronchopleural Fistula in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Douglas","family":"Bretzing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tasnim","family":"Lat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Shakespeare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-4266","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salim","family":"Surani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shekhar","family":"Ghamande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scott & White Healthcare and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.998"},{"issue":"11","key":"2","first-page":"926","volume":"2","year":"1998","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis And Lung Disease"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1965.01320180157034"},{"issue":"5","key":"4","first-page":"487","volume":"233","year":"1957","journal-title":"The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"5","volume":"74","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathogens and Disease"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198709000-00003"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0400"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.3.732"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-6-455","volume":"114","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3, article 981","key":"10","volume":"103","year":"1993","journal-title":"CHEST"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(93)90154-A"},{"key":"12","first-page":"518","volume":"6","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.6.1548"},{"issue":"6","key":"14","first-page":"999","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Disease"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.1.246"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.109.1.18"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Pulmonology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cripu\/2018\/4761725.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cripu\/2018\/4761725.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cripu\/2018\/4761725.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T19:31:26Z","timestamp":1528831886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cripu\/2018\/4761725\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["4761725","4761725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4761725","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-6846","2090-6854"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-6846","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-6854","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]}}}