{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:16:58Z","timestamp":1793722618860,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]],"date-time":"2018-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545523200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus Project","award":["2017 \u2013 2128 \/ 001 \u2013 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 \u2013 2128 \/ 001 \u2013 001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Physical exercise is considered an effective means to stimulate bone osteogenesis in osteoporotic patients. The authors reviewed the current literature to define the most appropriate features of exercise for increasing bone density in osteoporotic patients. Two types emerged: (1)\n                    <jats:italic>weight-bearing aerobic exercises<\/jats:italic>\n                    , i.e., walking, stair climbing, jogging, and Tai Chi. Walking alone did not appear to improve bone mass; however it is able to limit its progressive loss. In fact, in order for the weight-bearing exercises to be effective, they must reach the mechanical intensity useful to determine an important ground reaction force. (2)\n                    <jats:italic>Strength and resistance exercises<\/jats:italic>\n                    : these are carried out with loading (lifting weights) or without (swimming, cycling). For this type of exercise to be effective a joint reaction force superior to common daily activity with sensitive muscle strengthening must be determined. These exercises appear extremely site-specific, able to increase muscle mass and BMD only in the stimulated body regions. Other suggested protocols are multicomponent exercises and whole body vibration.\n                    <jats:italic>Multicomponent exercises<\/jats:italic>\n                    consist of a combination of different methods (aerobics, strengthening, progressive resistance, balancing, and dancing) aimed at increasing or preserving bone mass. These exercises seem particularly indicated in deteriorating elderly patients, often not able to perform exercises of pure reinforcement. However, for these protocols to be effective they must always contain a proportion of strengthening and resistance exercises. Given the variability of the protocols and outcome measures, the results of these methods are difficult to quantify. Training with\n                    <jats:italic>whole body vibration (WBV):<\/jats:italic>\n                    these exercises are performed with dedicated devices, and while it seems they have effect on enhancing muscle strength, controversial findings on improvement of BMD were reported. WBV seems to provide good results, especially in improving balance and reducing the risk of falling; in this, WBV appears more efficient than simply walking. Nevertheless, contraindications typical of senility should be taken into account.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4840531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]],"date-time":"2018-12-23T18:31:13Z","timestamp":1545589873000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":347,"title":["The Effectiveness of Physical Exercise on Bone Density in Osteoporotic Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2623-8506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Furlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Zati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Letizia Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Unit, Paolo Giaccone Hospital, Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11597670-000000000-00000"},{"issue":"4","key":"2","first-page":"315","volume":"41","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"3","first-page":"CD000333","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185650"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000142662.21767.58"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-47"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3772-7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939060-00002"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.345.15516"},{"issue":"2","key":"10","first-page":"173","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Norsk epidemiologi"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200708000-00007"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.11.009"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/reumatismo.2016.870"},{"issue":"1","key":"19","first-page":"8","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aqualines: The Journal of the Hydrotherapy Association of Chartered Physiotherapists"},{"issue":"7","key":"20","first-page":"1","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1734-7"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.05.012"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0000000000000100"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2346-1"},{"key":"28","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2017.06.001"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3626-3"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0938-6"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.052704"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4339-y"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MST.889899"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-009-0139-6"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0494-0"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1228-z"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-016-0357-2"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200932030-00009"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3618-3"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166774"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511405078"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018342"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394317-0.00015-7"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.104"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.03.010"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.11363"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2015"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283570238"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3045"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13697137.2017.1286890"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14091000"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-007-0486-x"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811205010019"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650110211"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00739-1"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1182-9"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-9976-6"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2523-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"39","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2016.10.001"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports5020029"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.03.002"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3034-0"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.499"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0776-y"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9437-1"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9311-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"54","first-page":"193","volume":"16","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/4840531.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/4840531.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/4840531.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T19:37:50Z","timestamp":1553715470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/4840531\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["4840531","4840531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4840531","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,23]]}}}