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To investigate the refraction and ocular biometry characteristics and to examine the prevalence of refractive errors in preschool children aged 3 to 6 years in Shanghai, China.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Jiading and Xuhui District, Shanghai, in 2013. We randomly selected 7 kindergartens in Jiading District and 10 kindergartens in Xuhui District, with a probability proportionate to size. The children underwent comprehensive eye examinations, including cycloplegic refraction and biometric measurements. Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism were defined as spherical equivalent (SE)\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22120.50\u2009D, SE\u2009\u2265\u2009+2.00\u2009D, and cylindrical diopters\u2009\u2264\u2009\u22121.00\u2009D.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The mean SE for 3- to 6-year-old children was +1.20\u2009D (standard deviation [SD] 1.05), and the mean axial length (AL) was 22.29\u2009mm (SD 0.73). The overall prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was 3.7% and 18.3%, respectively. No difference in prevalence of astigmatism was found across age groups. There was a statistically significant association between lower cylindrical diopters and higher spherical diopters (Spearman\u2019s correlation: \u22120.21,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>).<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Chinese children aged 3 to 6 years in the Shanghai area were mostly mildly hyperopic, with a low prevalence of myopia. Refractive astigmatism for children may be relatively stable throughout the preschool stage. Astigmatism was significantly associated with refractive error.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5205946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,5]],"date-time":"2018-03-05T23:31:25Z","timestamp":1520292685000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Refraction and Ocular Biometry of Preschool Children in Shanghai, China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2281-6273","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luoli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventative Ophthalmology, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, 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