{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:50:34Z","timestamp":1787017834705,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":311,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81170853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81170853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30901646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30901646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n . Oxidative stress is a common pathological condition for multiple retinal diseases. Hydrogen peroxide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) has been applied as an oxidative stress inducer for the\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n studies. Here, we report the\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n effect of H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n exposure to the mouse retina and its underlying mechanism.\n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n . The H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n or saline solution was intravitreally injected into the eyes of female C57BL\/6J mice for two consecutive days. The retinal structure was evaluated by\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n imaging using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and validated by histological assessment as well as retinal marker expression. In addition, retinal stress, cell apoptosis, and antioxidant enzyme expression were also determined.\n Results<\/jats:italic>\n . Retinal and outer nuclear layer thickness thinning was observed at days 7 and 14 by OCT imaging with the treatment of 10\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , which was confirmed by the histopathological analysis. The expressions of photoreceptor (\n Rho<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Rora<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Rorb<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Rcvrn<\/jats:italic>\n ), bipolar cell (\n Chat<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Calb2<\/jats:italic>\n ), and retinal pigment epithelial (\n Rpe65<\/jats:italic>\n ) markers were reduced in the H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010treated group, whereas the expression of retinal ganglion cell marker (\n Tubb3<\/jats:italic>\n ) was increased. TUNEL\u2010positive cells were obviously found in the outer nuclear layer and inner nuclear layer of H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \u2010treated mice but sparely found in the ganglion cell layer. Coherently, apoptotic gene expressions (\n Casp3<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Casp9<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Bax<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Parp8<\/jats:italic>\n ) were significantly increased in the retina with increasing dosages of H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , while\n Bcl2<\/jats:italic>\n expression was mildly decreased. In addition, the expressions of Gfap and antioxidant enzyme genes (\n Txn2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Sod2<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Gpx4<\/jats:italic>\n ) were significantly upregulated in the retina after the H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n treatment, compared to the vehicle control group.\n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n . This study revealed that intravitreal injection of H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n induces acute retinal damage by increasing oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in the retina. This acute retinal degeneration mouse model could provide a platform for drug screening against oxidative stress and retinal diseases.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5489476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T18:32:31Z","timestamp":1541701951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Intravitreal Injection of Hydrogen Peroxide Induces Acute Retinal Degeneration, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Jian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-Wan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsz Kin","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa. 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