{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T02:38:06Z","timestamp":1773455886378,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission","award":["Z161100001416006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z161100001416006"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission","award":["YWF-16-RSC-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YWF-16-RSC-011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002358","name":"Beihang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z161100001416006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z161100001416006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002358","name":"Beihang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YWF-16-RSC-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YWF-16-RSC-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate head-brain injuries caused by windshield impact on riders using electric self-balancing scooters (ESS). Numerical vehicle ESS crash scenarios are constructed by combining the finite element (FE) vehicle model and multibody scooter\/rider models. Impact kinematic postures of the head-windshield contact under various impact conditions are captured. Then, the processes during head-windshield contact are reconstructed using validated FE head\/laminated windshield models to assess the severity of brain injury caused by the head-windshield contact. Governing factors, such as vehicle speed, ESS speed, and the initial orientation of ESS rider, have nontrivial influences over the severity of a rider\u2019s brain injuries. Results also show positive correlations between vehicle speed and head-windshield impact speeds (linear and angular). Meanwhile, the time of head-windshield contact happens earlier when the vehicle speed is faster. According to the intensive study, windshield-head contact speed (linear and angular), impact location on the windshield, and head collision area are found to be direct factors on ESS riders\u2019 brain injuries during an impact. The von Mises stress and shear stress rise when relative contact speed of head-windshield increases. Brain injury indices vary widely when the head impacting the windshield from center to the edge or impacting with different areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5738090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T19:31:25Z","timestamp":1522006285000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Numerical Investigation on Head and Brain Injuries Caused by Windshield Impact on Riders Using Electric Self-Balancing Scooters"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6631-3937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shi","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Vehicle Research Center (AVRC), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, 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