{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:06:11Z","timestamp":1771635971377,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]],"date-time":"2018-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544918400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N172304027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N172304027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have drawn tremendous attentions from all fields because of their wide application. Underwater wireless sensor networks are similar to terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), however, due to different working environment and communication medium, UWSNs have many unique characteristics such as high bit error rate, long end-to-end delay and low bandwidth. These characteristics of UWSNs lead to many problems such as retransmission, high energy consumption and low reliability. To solve these problems, many routing protocols for UWSNs are proposed. In this paper, a localization-free routing protocol, named energy efficient routing protocol based on layers and unequal clusters (EERBLC) is proposed. EERBLC protocol consists of three phases: layer and unequal cluster formation, transmission routing, maintenance and update of clusters. In the first phase, the monitoring area under the water is divided into layers, the nodes in the same layer are clustered. For balancing energy of the whole network and avoiding the \u201chotspot\u201d problem, a novel unequal clustering method based on layers for UWSNs is proposed, in which a new calculation method of unequal cluster size is presented. Meanwhile, a new cluster head selection mechanism based on energy balance and degree is given. In the transmission phase, EERBLC protocol proposes a novel next forwarder selection method based on the forwarding ratio and the residual energy. In the third phase, Intra and inter cluster updating method is presented. The simulation results show that the EERBLC can effectively balance the energy consumption, prolong the network lifetime, and increase the amount of data transmission compared with DBR and EEDBR protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5835730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]],"date-time":"2018-12-16T23:31:26Z","timestamp":1545003086000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Based on Layers and Unequal Clusters in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-819X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of computer and communication engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junfang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Northeastern University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, School of Resource and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0214"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3350"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/896832"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071477"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info8040153"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16091379"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2437904"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11753810_111"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-018-5654-0"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-017-2148-x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-016-1224-0"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2015.01.005"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/307246"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.07.014"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3837\/tiis.2017.10.009"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65521-5_12"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4963-z"},{"issue":"9","key":"32","first-page":"8","volume":"4","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2018.092114"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.01.011"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40010-017-0344-y"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229786"}],"container-title":["Journal of Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2018\/5835730.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2018\/5835730.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2018\/5835730.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T15:50:56Z","timestamp":1589989856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2018\/5835730\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["5835730","5835730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/5835730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-725X","1687-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-725X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,16]]}}}