{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:40:59Z","timestamp":1792068059621,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Research Support Unit of The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction.<\/jats:italic> Data examining mammographic breast density (MBD) among patients in Sub-Saharan Africa are sparse. We evaluated how MBD relates to breast cancer characteristics in Kenyan women undergoing diagnostic mammography.<jats:italic> Methods.<\/jats:italic> This cross-sectional study included women with pathologically confirmed breast cancers (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>n<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">123<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Pretreatment mammograms of the unaffected breast were assessed to estimate absolute dense area (cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), nondense area (cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), and percent density (PD). Relationships between density measurements and clinical characteristics were evaluated using analysis of covariance.<jats:italic> Results.<\/jats:italic> Median PD and dense area were 24.9% and 85.3\u2009cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Higher PD and dense area were observed in younger women (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Higher dense and nondense areas were observed in obese women (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-trend &lt; 0.01). Estrogen receptor (ER) positive patients (73%) had higher PD and dense area than ER-negative patients (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.02<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (17%) had lower PD and dense area (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) compared with non-TNBCs. No associations were observed between MBD and tumor size and grade.<jats:italic> Conclusions.<\/jats:italic> Our findings show discordant relationships between MBD and molecular tumor subtypes to those previously observed in Western populations. The relatively low breast density observed at diagnosis may have important implications for cancer prevention initiatives in Kenya. Subsequent larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6026315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T18:31:31Z","timestamp":1516732291000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mammographic Breast Density and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: The Kenyan-African Aspect"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2043-301X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asim Jamal","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeve","family":"Mullooly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahin","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Ndumia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Abayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Orwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Wasike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahir","family":"Moloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen L.","family":"Gierach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 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