{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:44:30Z","timestamp":1777416270520,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541030400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005288","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Amaz\u00f4nia Paraense de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fluconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal that is well-established as the first-line treatment for\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. Despite its extensive use, reports on its genotoxic\/mutagenic effects are controversial; therefore, further studies are needed to better clarify such effects. African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells were exposed\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    to different concentrations of fluconazole and were then evaluated for different parameters, such as cytotoxicity (MTT\/cell death by fluorescent dyes), genotoxicity\/mutagenicity (comet assay\/micronucleus test), and induction of oxidative stress (DCFH-DA assay). Fluconazole was used at concentrations of 81.6, 163.2, 326.5, 653, 1306, and 2612.1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M for the MTT assay and 81.6, 326.5, and 1306\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M for the remaining assays. MTT results showed that cell viability reduced upon exposure to fluconazole concentration of 1306\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M (85.93%), being statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) at fluconazole concentration of 2612.1\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M (35.25%), as compared with the control (100%). Fluconazole also induced necrosis (P&lt;0.05) in Vero cell line when cells were exposed to all concentrations (81.6, 326.5, and 1306\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M) for both tested harvest times (24 and 48\u2009h) as compared with the negative control. Regarding genotoxicity\/mutagenicity, results showed fluconazole to increase significantly (P&lt;0.05) DNA damage index, as assessed by comet assay, at 1306\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M versus the negative control (DI=1.17 vs DI=0.28, respectively). Micronucleus frequency also increased until reaching statistical significance (P&lt;0.05) at 1306\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M fluconazole (with 42MN\/1000 binucleated cells) as compared to the negative control (13MN\/1000 binucleated cells). Finally, significant formation of reactive oxygen species (P&lt;0.05) was observed at 1306\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    M fluconazole vs the negative control (OD=40.9 vs OD=32.3, respectively). Our experiments showed that fluconazole is cytotoxic and genotoxic in the assessed conditions. It is likely that such effects may be due to the oxidative properties of fluconazole and\/or the presence of FMO (flavin-containing monooxygenase) in Vero cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6271547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,1]],"date-time":"2018-11-01T19:53:55Z","timestamp":1541102035000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Fluconazole on African Green Monkey Kidney (Vero) Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9837-4304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Regianne Maciel dos Santos","family":"Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citogen\u00e9tica Humana, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiane Cristina","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citogen\u00e9tica Humana, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Costa","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citogen\u00e9tica Humana, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6542-6641","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"La\u00eds Teixeira","family":"Bonfim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citogen\u00e9tica Humana, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rommel Rodriguez","family":"Burbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citogen\u00e9tica Humana, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6820-6521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcelo de Oliveira","family":"Bahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Citogen\u00e9tica Humana, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"369","volume":"18","year":"1996","journal-title":"Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1130-1406(06)70012-2"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199550040-00007"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(96)80060-9"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.1.76.30509"},{"issue":"3","key":"6","first-page":"3814","volume":"79","year":"1993","journal-title":"Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2003.09.004"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.08.012"},{"key":"9","first-page":"1201","volume":"21","year":"1963","journal-title":"Nippon Rinsho. 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