{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T18:56:06Z","timestamp":1740164166380,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527638400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> is an endemic parasitic infection that can remain asymptomatic for years, but it can cause death in immunosuppressed individuals. Here, we present a case of <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> hyperinfection in a 75-year-old male secondary to sepsis and chronic immunosuppression due to TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> inhibitors. Despite aggressive treatment including broad-spectrum antibiotics and antihelminths, his respiratory failure worsened and he died after palliative extubation. <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection remains a diagnostic challenge. Presentation with <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> is often nonspecific, and eosinophilia is absent in hyperinfection. Diagnosis can be delayed, especially in low-prevalence areas where suspicion is low. <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic> should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the presence of risk factors including immunosuppressive therapy, and a travel history should be carefully obtained. Patients with recurrent enterobacterial sepsis or respiratory failure with diffuse infiltrates in the setting of eosinophilia should undergo testing for <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>. A multidisciplinary approach can result in earlier diagnosis and favorable outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6341680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T19:31:26Z","timestamp":1527708686000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunosuppression with Antitumour Necrosis Factor Therapy Leading to <i>Strongyloides<\/i> Hyperinfection Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7618-4289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Farhan","family":"Khaliq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9057-6534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rayan E.","family":"Ihle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, West Virginia University Charleston Division, Charleston, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002214"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-78"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031698"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0b013e32833df718"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000326318"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0027-9684(15)30246-7"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.100490"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212y.0000000031"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.5.755"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.147.7.1257"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.09.037"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.17.1.208-217.2004"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002288"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20882"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322707"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002640"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115655"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mcp.0b013e328326f3f8"},{"issue":"3","key":"19","first-page":"363","volume":"146","year":"1987","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0923"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd007745"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/criid\/2018\/6341680.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/criid\/2018\/6341680.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/criid\/2018\/6341680.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T19:31:28Z","timestamp":1527708688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/criid\/2018\/6341680\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["6341680","6341680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6341680","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-6625","2090-6633"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2090-6625"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2090-6633"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]]}}}