{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:06:58Z","timestamp":1791047218182,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543104000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Brain Diseases in Shanghai","award":["201802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201802"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Healthcare Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by the fear of enclosed spaces. Although medication treatment can effectively control symptoms, the effects quickly disappear once medication is discontinued. Many studies have shown that combining psychotherapy and medication is more efficacious than solely using medication. However, the weaknesses of the traditional psychotherapy are that it is time-consuming and expensive. Alternatively, vivo exposure therapy is proposed in which anxiety is gradually triggered with stimuli. Targeting claustrophobia is diagnosed using the traditional method, and this study established virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) environments consistent with claustrophobic characteristics, comparing the two using an experimental process to examine whether VR and AR environments are equally capable of triggering anxiety in participants. This study further analysed the efficacies of VR and AR by measuring changes in participant\u2019s heart rates variability (HRV) and examining data from survey questionnaires. HRV results indicated that the proposed VR system and AR system were both able to trigger anxiety. Furthermore, the AR environment produced a stronger experience for the participants and caused physiological reactions more evident than those caused by the VR environment. Regarding the anxiety questionnaire, the participants suggested that their anxiety was significantly higher in the VR environment than in the AR environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6357351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T18:31:25Z","timestamp":1543170685000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Effect of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality on Inducing Anxiety for Exposure Therapy: A Comparison Using Heart Rate Variability"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Chai-Fen","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4096-6155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shih-Ching","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Brain Diseases in Shanghai, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lirong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.10.004"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2011.02.009"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(98)00110-7"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(93)90025-g"},{"issue":"4","key":"5","first-page":"292","volume":"2","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal on Science Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.10.002"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(92)90067-q"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90045-v"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.11.009"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(00)00089-9"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7916(99)00017-8"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7894(83)80075-6"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1383\/psyt.3.6.87.38215"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(82)90066-3"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mppsy.2007.03.007"},{"key":"18","year":"1994"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7894(00)80032-5"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(97)10006-7"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2007.09.001"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.12.002"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0005-7967(01)00068-7"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355"},{"issue":"12","key":"26","first-page":"1321","volume":"77","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2007.12.006"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.07.043"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2010.08.001"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.162"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.3.232"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2844083"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926"},{"issue":"5","key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Healthcare Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2018\/6357351.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2018\/6357351.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2018\/6357351.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T18:31:28Z","timestamp":1543170688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jhe\/2018\/6357351\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["6357351","6357351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6357351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2040-2295","2040-2309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2040-2295","type":"print"},{"value":"2040-2309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]]}}}