{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:46:50Z","timestamp":1772326010575,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["II-C1-0412-20003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II-C1-0412-20003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Physiological signals can often become contaminated by noise from a variety of origins. In this paper, an algorithm is described for the reduction of sporadic noise from a continuous periodic signal. The design can be used where a sample of a periodic signal is required, for example, when an average pulse is needed for pulse wave analysis and characterization. The algorithm is based on cluster analysis for selecting similar repetitions or pulses from a periodic single. This method selects individual pulses without noise, returns a clean pulse signal, and terminates when a sufficiently clean and representative signal is received. The algorithm is designed to be sufficiently compact to be implemented on a microcontroller embedded within a medical device. It has been validated through the removal of noise from an exemplar photoplethysmography (PPG) signal, showing increasing benefit as the noise contamination of the signal increases. The algorithm design is generalised to be applicable for a wide range of physiological (physical) signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6812404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T18:31:21Z","timestamp":1517250681000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Novel Signal Noise Reduction Method through Cluster Analysis, Applied to Photoplethysmography"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Waugh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-0533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Northern Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wightman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Northern Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4430-4623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas A. W.","family":"Beale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Northern Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"1125","volume-title":"Photoelectric plethysmography for estimating cutaneous blood flow","year":"1979"},{"key":"2","year":"1990"},{"key":"3","first-page":"S33","volume":"3","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2607(89)90159-4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/28\/3\/r01"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X685489"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2188536"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(99)00014-8"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-6423(13)71524-4"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2338351"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/32\/3\/008"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2204882"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering3040021"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/568574.568575"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.11.057"},{"key":"16","year":"2004"},{"key":"17","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"18","first-page":"230","volume":"32","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"}],"container-title":["Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/6812404.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/6812404.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/6812404.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T18:31:24Z","timestamp":1517250684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/cmmm\/2018\/6812404\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["6812404","6812404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6812404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-670X","1748-6718"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-670X","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-6718","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}