{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:56:29Z","timestamp":1777524989320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03930393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03930393"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose an efficient method that can be used for eye-blinking detection or eye tracking on smartphone platforms in this paper. Eye-blinking detection or eye-tracking algorithms have various applications in mobile environments, for example, a countermeasure against spoofing in face recognition systems. In resource limited smartphone environments, one of the key issues of the eye-blinking detection problem is its computational efficiency. To tackle the problem, we take a hybrid approach combining two machine learning techniques: SVM (support vector machine) and CNN (convolutional neural network) such that the eye-blinking detection can be performed efficiently and reliably on resource-limited smartphones. Experimental results on commodity smartphones show that our approach achieves a precision of 94.4% and a processing rate of 22 frames per second.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6929762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T19:32:09Z","timestamp":1526931129000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Efficient Eye-Blinking Detection on Smartphones: A Hybrid Approach Based on Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Young-Joo","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vieworks Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0955-3421","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wooseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6459-1060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joon-Sang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.09.004"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.012"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2009.30"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00127169"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(94)90164-3"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.03.024"},{"key":"18","volume-title":"Real time eye tracking and blink detection with USB cameras","year":"2005"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.013"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2004.03.013"},{"key":"29","year":"2013"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071534"},{"key":"34","first-page":"1097","volume":"25","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199"}],"container-title":["Mobile Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2018\/6929762.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2018\/6929762.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2018\/6929762.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,21]],"date-time":"2018-05-21T19:32:13Z","timestamp":1526931133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/misy\/2018\/6929762\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":14,"alternative-id":["6929762","6929762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6929762","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-017X","1875-905X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-017X","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-905X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}