{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:16:01Z","timestamp":1789946161147,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Many of the nongenetic causal risk factors of intellectual disability (ID) can be prevented if they are identified early. There is paucity on information regarding potential risk factors associated with this condition in Kenya. This study aimed to establish risk factors associated with severity of nongenetic intellectual disability (ID) among children presenting with this condition at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH).<jats:italic> Methods<\/jats:italic>. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted over the period between March and June 2017 in pediatric and child\/youth mental health departments of Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Kenya. It included children aged 2\u201318 years diagnosed with ID without underlying known genetic cause.<jats:italic> Results<\/jats:italic>. Of 97 patients with nongenetic ID, 24% had mild ID, 40% moderate, 23% severe-profound, and 10% unspecified ID. The mean age of children was 5.6 (\u00b13.6) years. Male children were predominant (62%). Three independent factors including \u201clabor complications\u201d [AOR = 9.45, 95% CI = 1.23\u2013113.29, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.036<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>], \u201cadmission to neonatal intensive care unit\u201d [AOR = 8.09, 95% CI = 2.11\u201331.07, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.002<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>], and \u201ccerebral palsy\u201d [AOR = 21.18, CI = 4.18\u2013107.40, <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>\u2264<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>] were significantly associated with increased risk of severe\/profound nongenetic ID.<jats:italic> Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The present study findings suggest that perinatal complications as well as postnatal insults are associated with increased risk of developing severe-profound intellectual disability, implying that this occurrence may be reduced with appropriate antenatal, perinatal, and neonatal healthcare interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6956703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T19:42:30Z","timestamp":1524080550000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Risk Factors Associated with Severity of Nongenetic Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation) among Children Aged 2\u201318 Years Attending Kenyatta National Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5649-966X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Nemerimana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kibogora Polytechnic, P.O. Box 31, Rusizi, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret Njambi","family":"Chege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice Ajode","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","series-title":"(DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"2","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.18869\/IAHS.3.2.27","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Archives of Health Sciences"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.018"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2007.04.010"},{"issue":"2","key":"7","first-page":"112","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Sport and Health Research"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153655"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.05.002"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-118.2.156"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.153220"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2002)107<0046:ERFFMR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.184545"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2016.23122015323"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.329"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000448912"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.014"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12029"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050963"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3732(97)00034-9"}],"container-title":["Neurology Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/nri\/2018\/6956703.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/nri\/2018\/6956703.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/nri\/2018\/6956703.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T19:42:32Z","timestamp":1524080552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/nri\/2018\/6956703\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["6956703","6956703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6956703","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-1852","2090-1860"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-1852","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-1860","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}