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However, studies investigating the link between this condition and the immune system revealed several immunological abnormalities focused on cell-mediated immunity. As a major immune checkpoint, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) displays an important inhibitory function in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. The expression of PD-1 and its ligand (PD-L1) may contribute to continuous T cell activation and development of inflammation and injury of the tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating frequencies of PD-1-positive T CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells (CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) and B cells (CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) in patients with endometriosis. Peripheral blood (PB) samples from 25 female patients and 20 healthy age and sex-matched subjects serving as controls were used in the study. Using flow cytometric analysis, we assessed the differences in the frequencies of PD-1-positive T and B lymphocytes in the study group and healthy individuals. Alteration of the PD-1\/PD-L1 axis may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis, as patients with advanced disease are characterized by higher frequencies of PD-1-positive T and B cells. Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 on T and B cells could represent the hallmark of immune system reaction to chronic antigenic exposition in patients with endometriosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7041342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T18:31:31Z","timestamp":1543170691000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Increase of Circulating PD-1- and PD-L1-Expressing Lymphocytes in Endometriosis: Correlation with Clinical and Laboratory Parameters"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Monika","family":"Walankiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"I Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 16 Staszica Street, 20-081 Lublin, 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