{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:17:17Z","timestamp":1792693037725,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,26]],"date-time":"2018-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535241600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Biofilms, or colonies of uropathogen growing on the surface of indwelling medical devices, can inflict obstinate or recurring infection, thought-provoking antimicrobial therapy.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This prospective analysis included 105 urine samples from catheterized patients receiving intensive care. Ensuing phenotypic identification, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by modified Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines; MDR isolates were identified according to the combined guidelines of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Biofilm-forming uropathogens were detected by the tissue culture plate (TCA) method.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The predominant uropathogen in catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) was<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>57%, followed by<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>15%,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>12%,<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>8%,<jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>spp. 3%,<jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>spp., and<jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>1.5%, of which 46% isolates were biofilm producers. Prime biofilm producers were<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>33%, followed by<jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>30%,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>20%,<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>10%,<jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>3.33%. Multidrug resistance associated with biofilm producers were greater than biofilm nonproducers. The Gram-negative biofilm producers found 96.15%, 80.76%, 73.07%, 53.84%, 53.84%, 46.15%, 19.23%, and 11.5% resistant to amoxyclave, ceftazidime, tetracycline, gentamicin, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, imipenem, and fosfomycin, respectively. Gram-positive biofilm producers, however, were found 100% resistant to tetracycline, cloxacillin, and amoxyclave: 66.67% resistant to ampicillin while 33.33% resistant to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. High antimicrobial resistance was observed in biofilm producers than non-biofilm producers. Of recommended antimicrobial therapies for CAUTIs, ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the least active antibiotics, whereas piperacillin\/tazobactam and imipenem were found as the most effectual for gram-negative biofilm producer. Likewise, amoxicillin-clavulanate and tetracycline were the least active antibiotics, whereas vancomycin, fosfomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem were found as the most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive biofilm producer. In the limelight, the activity fosfomycin was commendable against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative biofilm producers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7624857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,26]],"date-time":"2018-08-26T23:32:32Z","timestamp":1535326352000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Obstinate Biofilm Producers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Govinda","family":"Maharjan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Janamaitri Foundation Institute of Health Science (JFIHS), Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-8130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Priyatam","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, 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