{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T23:40:44Z","timestamp":1791675644439,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIP-044\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIP-044\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disease Markers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:italic>\n . Intrauterine sex hormone environment as indicated by the second to the fourth digit ratio (2D\u2009:\u20094D) can be associated with cancer risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of 2D\u2009:\u20094D with cancer diagnosis, malignancy, and age at presentation.\n Methods<\/jats:italic>\n . Studies that evaluated the association of 2D\u2009:\u20094D with cancer risk were collected from Pubmed\/MEDLINE and Clarivate Analytics databases. Nineteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis.\n Results<\/jats:italic>\n . The 2D\u2009:\u20094D ratio was studied in prostate cancer, breast cancer, testicular cancer, gastric cancer, oral cancer, brain tumors, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Low 2D\u2009:\u20094D was associated with prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and brain tumors, while high 2D\u2009:\u20094D, with breast cancer risk and cervical dysplasia. The 2D\u2009:\u20094D ratio was not associated with prostate, breast, and gastric cancer stage. Greater 2D\u2009:\u20094D ratio was associated with younger presentation of breast cancer and brain tumors. The meta-analyses demonstrated that testicular cancer was not associated with right-hand 2D\u2009:\u20094D ratio (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.74<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ) and gastric cancer was not associated with right-hand (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.15<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ) and left-hand (\n \n p<\/mml:mi>\n =<\/mml:mo>\n 0.95<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:math>\n ) 2D\u2009:\u20094D ratio.\n Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n . Sex hormone environment during early development is associated with cancer risk later in life. Further studies exploring the link between intrauterine hormone environment and cancer risk are encouraged.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7698193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,8]],"date-time":"2018-02-08T18:31:20Z","timestamp":1518114680000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Association of Digit Ratio (2D\u2009:\u20094D) with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-6898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adomas","family":"Bunevicius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, 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