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Environmental pollutants such as chromium compounds can cause damage to rhizobia, legumes, and their symbiosis. In plants, toxic effects of chromium(VI) compounds are associated with the increased production of ROS and oxidative stress development as well as with inhibition of pigment synthesis and modification of virtually all cellular components. These metabolic changes result in inhibition of seed germination and seedling development as well as reduction of plant biomass and crop yield. However, if plants establish symbiosis with rhizobia, heavy metals are accumulated preferentially in nodules decreasing the toxicity of metals to the host plant. This review summarizes data on toxic effects of chromium on legume plants and legume-rhizobium symbiosis. In addition, we discussed the role of oxidative stress in both chromium toxicity and formation of rhizobial symbiosis and use of nodule bacteria for minimizing toxic effects of chromium on plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8031213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T23:42:29Z","timestamp":1518651749000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Chromium(VI) Toxicity in Legume Plants: Modulation Effects of Rhizobial Symbiosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1020-7112","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Uliana Ya.","family":"Stambulska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, 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