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While this issue is not addressed in some underwater routing protocols, there exist some partially state\u2010full protocols which can guarantee the delivery of packets using excessive communication overhead. However, there is no fully stateless underwater routing protocol, to the best of our knowledge, which can detect and bypass trapped nodes. A trapped node is a node which only leads packets to arrive finally at a void node. In this paper, we propose a Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol (SORP), in which the void and trapped nodes are locally detected in the different area of network topology to be excluded during the routing phase using a passive participation approach. SORP also uses a novel scheme to employ an adaptive forwarding area which can be resized and replaced according to the local density and placement of the candidate forwarding nodes to enhance the energy efficiency and reliability. We also make a theoretical analysis on the routing performance in case of considering the shadow zone and variable propagation delays. The results of our extensive simulation study indicate that SORP outperforms other protocols regarding the routing performance metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8237351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,11]],"date-time":"2018-11-11T18:34:29Z","timestamp":1541961269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A Stateless Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8048-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Ghoreyshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Shahrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7281-9192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuleen","family":"Boutaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2657881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020425"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeeU. 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