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Even venereal syphilis has low infectivity which means there are few circulating bacteria for most of the individual\u2019s life. Human remains recovered from the Nossa Senhora do Carmo Church (17th to 19th centuries) and the Pra\u00e7a XV Cemetery (18th to 19th centuries), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were subjected to<jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>paleogenetic analysis. Historical data point to endemic treponemal infections in the city, including venereal syphilis. Based on the physiopathology of<jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>infection, 25 samples, mostly from skull remains of young adults, with no visible paleopathological evidence of treponematoses, were analyzed. PCR with three molecular targets,<jats:italic>tpp<\/jats:italic>47,<jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>A, and<jats:italic>tpp<\/jats:italic>15, were applied. Ancient DNA<jats:italic>tpp<\/jats:italic>15 sequences were recovered from two young adults from each archaeological site and revealed the polymorphism that characterizes<jats:italic>T. p.<\/jats:italic>subsp.<jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>in a female up to 18 years old, suggesting a probable case of syphilis infection. The results indicated that the epidemiological context and the physiopathology of the disease should be considered in syphilis paleogenetic detection. The findings of<jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>sp. aDNA are consistent with historical documents that describe venereal syphilis and yaws as endemic diseases in Rio de Janeiro. Data on the epidemiological characteristics of the disease and its pathophysiology offer new perspectives in paleopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8304129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]],"date-time":"2018-10-10T23:39:05Z","timestamp":1539214745000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["First Paleogenetic Evidence of Probable Syphilis and Treponematoses Cases in the Brazilian Colonial Period"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Luc\u00e9lia","family":"Guedes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia de Tripanosomat\u00eddeos (LABTRIP), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 \u2013 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondemar","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Arqueologia Brasileira, Estr. 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