{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:28:01Z","timestamp":1792801681902,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>. To evaluate the characteristics of presentation, biochemical profile, and etiology of gynecomastia in adults.<jats:italic> Methods<\/jats:italic>. Medical records of 237 men aged 18-85 years with gynecomastia were evaluated.<jats:italic> Results<\/jats:italic>. Highest prevalence of gynecomastia was observed between 21 and 30 years (n = 74; 31.2%). The most common presenting complaints were aesthetic concerns (62.8%) and breast pain (51.2%). 25.3% of the subjects had a history of pubertal gynecomastia. 56.5% had bilateral gynecomastia. 39.9% were overweight and 22.8% were obese. The etiology could not be identified in 45.1% of the cases; the most frequent identified causes were anabolic steroids consumption (13.9%), hypogonadism (11.1%), and use of pharmaceutical drugs (7.8%). Patients with bilateral gynecomastia had a longer history of disease, higher BMI, and lower testosterone levels.<jats:italic> Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Patients with gynecomastia presented more often with aesthetic concerns and secondarily with breast pain. The most frequent final diagnosis was idiopathic gynecomastia, whereas the most frequent identified etiologies were anabolic steroids consumption, hypogonadism, and use of pharmaceutical drugs. Despite the low frequency of etiologies such as thyroid dysfunction or adrenal carcinoma, we emphasize the importance of a thorough assessment of the patient, as gynecomastia may be the tip of the iceberg for the diagnosis of treatable diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8364824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T19:31:37Z","timestamp":1527622297000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Clinical and Etiological Aspects of Gynecomastia in Adult Males: A Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6130-2155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pablo Ren\u00e9","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Metabolismo y Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor Antonio","family":"Pacenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Metabolismo, Unidad Asistencial \u201cDr. C\u00e9sar Milstein\u201d, Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Endocrinolog\u00eda y Diabetes \u201cDr. Ra\u00fal Gutman\u201d, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio Mario","family":"Aszpis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Endocrinolog\u00eda, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n Mat\u00edas","family":"Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Metabolismo y Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel Marcelo","family":"Pragier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Complejo M\u00e9dico Churruca-Visca, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Guillermo Stewart","family":"Usher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultorio de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Haedo, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"V\u00e1squez Cayoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Hospital Ramos Mej\u00eda, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Iturrieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n Endocrinolog\u00eda, Hospital Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Elisa","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinol\u00f3gicas \u201cDr. C\u00e9sar Bergad\u00e1\u201d (CEDIE), CONICET \u2013 FEI, Divisi\u00f3n de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Hospital de Ni\u00f1os Ricardo Guti\u00e9rrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1100-3843","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodolfo Alberto","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinol\u00f3gicas \u201cDr. C\u00e9sar Bergad\u00e1\u201d (CEDIE), CONICET \u2013 FEI, Divisi\u00f3n de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Hospital de Ni\u00f1os Ricardo Guti\u00e9rrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Knoblovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Endocrinolog\u00eda, Metabolismo y Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199302183280708"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802012000300009"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-63-3-377"},{"key":"5","first-page":"1835","volume":"55","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0093"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031882"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.139"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009507030633"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.12.956"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ten.0000081693.21823.74"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021658"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01886"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2836","volume":"100","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040440001001"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1720"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.129104"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1138"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90353-X"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-2-338"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469400003582"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(63)90044-5"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/57.4.431"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2354"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-32-2-173"},{"key":"26","first-page":"190","volume":"62","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endokrynologia Polska"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp070677"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.03.057"},{"key":"29","first-page":"6","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Revista Argentina Salud Publica"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00281-5"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.2002.00374.x"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0643"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/324835"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/8364824.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/8364824.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/8364824.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T19:31:39Z","timestamp":1527622299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/8364824\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["8364824","8364824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/8364824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]}}}