{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:02:08Z","timestamp":1785884528263,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D-23-165-1438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-23-165-1438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between the levels of interleukin- (IL-) 6, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and visfatin and simvastatin usage, in the gingival crevicular fluids (GCFs) of diabetic patients afflicted with chronic periodontitis. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. Eighty outpatients at the Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University Dental Hospital (King Abdulaziz University), were categorized into 4 groups (20 patients per group), on the basis of radiological evaluation of bone loss, clinical attachment levels (CAL), probing depth (PD), and gingival indices: group 1 (healthy periodontium), group 2 (chronic periodontitis\u2009+\u2009type 2 diabetes), group 3 (chronic periodontitis), and group 4 (type 2 diabetes\u2009+\u2009chronic periodontitis\u2009+\u2009simvastatin). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure IL-6, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and visfatin levels. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Significantly elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and visfatin were seen in group 2 in comparison to groups 1 and 3. Reduced levels were seen in group 4 due to simvastatin usage. Positive association was seen between periodontal variables and the levels of IL-6, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and visfatin. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Periodontal destruction and diabetes have a synergistic effect on the elevation of inflammatory cytokine levels. Simvastatin may be beneficial in improving periodontal health among diabetic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8481735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T19:30:58Z","timestamp":1534361458000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of Systemic Simvastatin on the Concentrations of Visfatin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-<i>\u03b1<\/i>, and Interleukin-6 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-490X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maha A.","family":"Bahammam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209 Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai S.","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80209 Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Periodontology, and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","first-page":"30","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Medical Journal"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101322"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01867.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.3.1748"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000251"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/18656.8283"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100690"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/828049"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2018.3440"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006251"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12635"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/s0034-98872008000600014"},{"issue":"4","key":"13","first-page":"534","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-76428-1_14"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12145"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2215"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2015.140476"},{"issue":"1","key":"18","first-page":"70","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Delivery"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720160082"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002093"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170316163340"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2018\/8481735.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2018\/8481735.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2018\/8481735.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]],"date-time":"2018-08-15T19:31:00Z","timestamp":1534361460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2018\/8481735\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["8481735","8481735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/8481735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-8861","2314-7156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-8861","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-7156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,15]]}}}