{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T16:16:41Z","timestamp":1773418601497,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":121,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd."},{"name":"Research Foundation for Oriental Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes)<\/jats:italic> is a species of Gram\u2010positive coccoid bacteria having many virulence factors. Its capsule and exotoxins can cause upper respiratory tract infections such as sinusitis. The general treatment for <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced sinusitis is administration of antibiotics such as penicillin and macrolides; however, a serious problem associated with these antibiotics is their attenuated effect. Shin\u2019iseihaito (Xinyiqingfeitang), a formula of Japanese traditional Kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for the treatment of sinusitis. In general, formulas of Japanese traditional Kampo medicine are orally administered. This is in contrast to certain formulas of traditional Chinese medicine, which are being recently administered intramuscularly or intravenously. Regarding these traditional Chinese medicine formulas, the injection methodology is reported to be more effective than oral intake. In this study, we compared the efficacy between orally and intramuscularly administered Shin\u2019iseihaito against <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced sinusitis. We evaluated the antibacterial effect of Shin\u2019iseihaito extract (SSHT) against <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> by K\u2010B disk diffusion assay. Furthermore, we investigated the nasal colonization of <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>, determined cytokine (TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and IL\u20106) levels, and conducted a splenocyte proliferative assay in a murine sinusitis model. SSHT displayed direct anti\u2010<jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> activity. Intramuscular administration of SSHT decreased the nasal colonization of <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic> compared with oral administration. Thymidine uptake analysis revealed that the proliferation of splenocytes from <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected mice under intramuscular SSHT treatment was upregulated compared to that of splenocytes from <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected mice under oral SSHT treatment. We also found that TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, and IL\u20106 levels in the nasal discharge from intramuscularly treated <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected mice were lower than those from orally treated mice. Our findings suggest that intramuscular administration of Shin\u2019iseihaito may be useful for the treatment of murine <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced sinusitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8901215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T23:41:58Z","timestamp":1525304518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison between the Effects of Oral and Intramuscular Administration of Shin\u2019iseihaito (Xinyiqingfeitang) in a <i>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/i>\u2010Induced Murine Sinusitis 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