{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:34:48Z","timestamp":1790681688090,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-15-1-0517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-15-1-0517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-14-1-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-14-1-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-15-1-0517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-15-1-0517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-14-1-0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-14-1-0018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposing adrenal chromaffin cells to 5\u2009ns electric pulses (nsPEF) causes a rapid rise in intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>(<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced open=\"[\" close=\"]\" separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>) that is solely the result of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx through voltage-gated Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>channels (VGCCs). This study explored the effect of longer duration nsPEF on<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced open=\"[\" close=\"]\" separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>. Single 150, 200, or 400\u2009ns pulses at 3.1\u2009kV\/cm evoked rapid increases in<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced open=\"[\" close=\"]\" separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>, the magnitude of which increased linearly with pulse width and electric field amplitude. Recovery of<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced open=\"[\" close=\"]\" separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>to prestimulus levels was faster for 150\u2009ns exposures. Regardless of pulse width, no rise in<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mfenced open=\"[\" close=\"]\" separators=\"|\"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn mathvariant=\"normal\">2<\/mml:mn><mml:mo>+<\/mml:mo><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mfenced><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msub><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>occurred in the absence of extracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>, indicating that the source of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>was from outside the cell. Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>responses evoked by a 150\u2009ns pulse were inhibited to varying degrees by<jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>-agatoxin IVA,<jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>-conotoxin GVIA, nitrendipine or nimodipine, antagonists of P\/Q-, N-, and L-type VGCCs, respectively, and by 67% when all four types of VGCCs were blocked simultaneously. The remaining Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx insensitive to VGCC inhibitors was attributed to plasma membrane nanoporation, which comprised the<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>E<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-field sensitive component of the response. Both pathways of Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry were inhibited by 200\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>M Cd<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>. These results demonstrate that, in excitable chromaffin cells, single 150\u2013400\u2009ns pulses increased the permeability of the plasma membrane to Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>in addition to causing Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>influx via VGCCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9046891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,29]],"date-time":"2018-03-29T19:31:44Z","timestamp":1522351904000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Different Membrane Pathways Mediate Ca<sup>2+<\/sup>Influx in Adrenal Chromaffin Cells Exposed to 150\u2013400\u2009ns Electric Pulses"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2827-0040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tarique R.","family":"Bagalkot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Terhune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Normand","family":"Leblanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gale L.","family":"Craviso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.08.140"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311135200"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.02.006"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2013.05.008"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2012.11.032"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2007.4339468"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2013.05.002"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.05.035"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20354"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.06.055"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21696"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2014.06.015"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2008.02.003"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9573-1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4157(91)90024-Q"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2009.5293941"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2011.11.016"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-017-9983-9"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-016-9902-5"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2014.08.006"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.02.031"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2017.2786586"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35000001"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2005"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.236729"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101469200"},{"issue":"16","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5944","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-05944.2001","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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