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Thus, seeking natural compounds with fewer side effects could be an alternative therapeutic approach. This study aimed to investigate the anti\u2010inflammatory, antiarthritic, and antioxidative effects of synthetic<jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic>\u2010\u03949\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949\u2010THC) dissolved in sesame oil (Dronabinol) against MTX in adjuvant\u2010induced arthritis (AIA) rat model. Daily oral administration of \u03949\u2010THC\/sesame oil, over a period of 21 days, was well tolerated in arthritic rats with no particular psychoactive side effects. It markedly attenuated the severity of clinical manifestations, recovered the histopathological changes in tibiotarsal joints, and repressed the splenomegaly in arthritic rats. \u03949\u2010THC\/sesame oil therapy showed similar effects to MTX in neutralizing the inflammatory process of AIA, through attenuating erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) scores and proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>), interleukin 1\u2010beta (IL\u20101<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>), and interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) levels, to normal values. As opposed to MTX, this natural combination markedly protected the liver of arthritic rats and downregulated the induced oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant defense system such as activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and levels of glutathione (GSH). These results suggest promising effects for the clinical use of \u03949\u2010THC\/sesame oil therapy in alleviating arthritic clinical signs as well as arthritis\u2010induced liver injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9365464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T23:32:58Z","timestamp":1529969578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anti\u2010Inflammatory, Antioxidative, and Hepatoprotective Effects of Trans \u03949\u2010Tetrahydrocannabinol\/Sesame Oil on Adjuvant\u2010Induced Arthritis in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Morouj","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiba","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youmna","family":"El-Orfali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7237-6187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Khawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60826-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2008.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099844.31524.05"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22632"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600646R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2017.1292849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199801)41:1<163::AID-ART20>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160105897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819031000103917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38149.566979.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-016-4203-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00096-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Diagnostic tests: the erythrocyte sedimentation rate range and limitations of the technique","volume":"3","author":"Westergren A.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Triangle; 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