{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:34:34Z","timestamp":1789475674905,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and menopause are associated with vitamin D status. Oestrogen decline during menopausal stages promotes hypovitaminosis D. However, the interplay between vitamin D, menopause, lifestyle, and T2DM cannot be overlooked. This study assessed vitamin D status among pre- and postmenopausal T2DM women and determined its association with glycemic control and influence of lifestyle habits on hypovitaminosis D.<jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. Structured questionnaires were administered to 192 T2DM women; blood samples were collected for estimation of 25(OH) D and insulin using ELISA. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and calcium were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using Graphpad Prism 6.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 92.2%. Hypovitaminosis D was more prevalent among the postmenopausal T2DM women (63.8% versus 58.2%). Hypovitaminosis D significantly associated with insulin [<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.01760<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0008<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>], HbA1c [<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.3709<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>], and FBG [<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">2<\/mml:mn><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:msup><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.3465<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn fontstyle=\"italic\">0.0001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>] in only the postmenopausal women.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in pre- and postmenopausal T2DM but higher among postmenopausal women. Adequate vitamin D levels in both groups were associated with improved glucose control while hypovitaminosis D in the postmenopausal women was related to poorer glucose control. Vitamin D screening should be incorporated into management plan for T2DM to serve as an early tool for prevention of vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9369282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T23:32:00Z","timestamp":1522711920000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Evaluating Vitamin D Status in Pre- and Postmenopausal Type 2 Diabetics and Its Association with Glucose Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-3190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linda Ahenkorah","family":"Fondjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5168-4762","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel Asamoah","family":"Sakyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-1284","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William K. B. A.","family":"Owiredu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin Ferguson","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie-Williams","family":"Owiredu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer Kwesi","family":"Awusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5572-9059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard K. D.","family":"Ephraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4451-5749","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Osei Sarfo","family":"Kantanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Diabetic Clinic, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-20-10"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00374-6"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00108-4"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175388"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1994.267.3.E356"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193003"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0465"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2008.00034.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.63"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000176801"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60346-3"},{"issue":"8","key":"14","first-page":"70","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.01.128"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2004.19.2.265"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.11.4023"},{"key":"18","year":"2003"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-210"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00002"},{"issue":"6","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"22","first-page":"37","volume":"13","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3638"},{"issue":"3","key":"24","first-page":"123","volume":"42","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Medica Indonesiana (The Indonesian Journal of Internal Medicine)"},{"issue":"2","key":"25","first-page":"69","volume":"40","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Medica Indonesiana (The Indonesian Journal of Internal Medicine)"},{"issue":"3","key":"26","first-page":"126","volume":"2","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.649"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-11-16"},{"issue":"8","key":"29","first-page":"1","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1678S"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-3-656"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci112134"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1754"},{"issue":"6","key":"34","first-page":"786","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2084"},{"issue":"5","key":"36","first-page":"774","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.820"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016001609"},{"issue":"2","key":"39","first-page":"47","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1838-1"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.06.008"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.08.030"},{"issue":"4","key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2003.tb10480.x","volume":"57","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Practice"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381303"},{"issue":"1","key":"45","first-page":"1","volume":"29","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.3.1212"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9369282.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9369282.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9369282.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T22:02:39Z","timestamp":1693605759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2018\/9369282\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["9369282","9369282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/9369282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018]]}}}