{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:52:54Z","timestamp":1790013174589,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]],"date-time":"2018-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533427200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81670711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81670711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. To investigate the microbial distribution and drug susceptibility among diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) with different Wagner grades and between acute and chronic DFUs<jats:italic>. Methods<\/jats:italic>. We enrolled 428 DFU patients who were hospitalized and treated in the Southwest Hospital. We collected deep ulcer secretion for microbial culture and drug susceptibility tests and analyzed the results. We reexamined 67 patients with poor anti-infection efficacy and analyzed microbial species. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: The 354 positive samples included 201 cases (56.8%) of single-pathogen infections and 153 cases (43.2%) of multiple-pathogen infections before antibiotic therapy. A total of 555 strains were cultivated, including 205 (36.9%) strains of gram-positive organisms (GPOs), 283 (51.0%) gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and 67 (12.1%) fungal strains. In terms of distribution, patients with different Wagner grades had different bacterial composition ratios (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Patients with Wagner grades 3\u20135 mainly had GNB. The specimens from chronic ulcer wounds were primarily GNB (54.2%), whereas fungi accounted for 14.4% of the infections; the distribution was significantly different from that of acute ulcers (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The susceptibility tests showed that the <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> genus was more susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline. Tobramycin was the most effective drug (97%) for the treatment of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, followed by ertapenem (96.4%), imipenem (93.5%), and cefotetan (90%). Most of the remaining GNB were susceptible to antibiotics such as carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, ceftazidime, cefepime, and piperacillin-tazobactam (&gt;63.2%). After antibiotic therapy, the positive rate of microbial culture was 52.2%, and the proportion of GNB and fungi increased to 68.9% and 20%. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The distribution and types of bacteria in diabetic foot infection (DFI) patients varied with the different Wagner classification grades, courses of the ulcers, and antibiotic therapy. Multidrug resistance were increased, and the clinical treatment of DFIs should select the most suitable antibiotics based on the pathogen culture and drug susceptibility test results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9817308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]],"date-time":"2018-08-05T19:34:44Z","timestamp":1533497684000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Distribution of Microbes and Drug Susceptibility in Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections in Southwest China"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Mingxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, 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University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0966-2804","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-2538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ziwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, 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