{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:46:15Z","timestamp":1775043975933,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Introduction<\/jats:italic>. The use of equine bone blocks is widely reported for bone augmentation techniques. The block must be shaped according to the form of the defect that should be regenerated. The shaping could be performed by hand before or during the surgery, in a sterile ambient, or using a CNC milling machine that could not be sterile. The aim of our study was to evaluate if a steam sterilization could provide a medical grade sterilization of the blocks and to evaluate if bone microstructure and collagen structures change after different steam sterilization protocols provided by mainstream autoclave.<jats:italic> Materials and Method<\/jats:italic>. Two blocks of equine bone were divided into 16 samples. 1 sample was used as control and not submitted to any treatment. 15 samples were infected with a Streptococcus faecalis bacterial culture. The samples were singularly packed, randomly divided into 3 groups, and submitted to autoclave sterilization on the same device. The groups were submitted to a sterilization cycle (Gr. A: 121\u00b0C, 1,16 bar for 20\u2032; Gr. B:134\u00b0C, 2,16 bar for 4\u2032; Gr. C: 134\u00b0C, 2,16 bar for 3.30\u2009min.). 2 samples for each group were evaluated for the sterility. 3 samples for each group were observed at SEM to notice the macro- and microstructure modification and to confocal microscope to observe the collagen.<jats:italic> Results<\/jats:italic>. All samples were sterile. The SEM evaluation showed, in all groups, a preserved morphological structure. Confocal microscope evaluation shows that the collagen structure appears to be more uniform and preserved in group C.<jats:italic> Conclusion. <\/jats:italic>Data show that autoclave steam sterilization could be reliable to obtain sterilization of equine bone blocks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9853765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,13]],"date-time":"2018-08-13T19:35:37Z","timestamp":1534188937000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Steam Sterilization of Equine Bone Block: Morphological and Collagen Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-709X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R.","family":"Lo Giudice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Centofanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Favaloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Cervino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Squeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. 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