{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T07:03:55Z","timestamp":1782975835956,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background.<\/jats:italic> Diabetic patients are more susceptible to urinary tract infection compared to nondiabetic patients, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> being the most common uropathogen causing UTI. Unreasonable and incorrect antibiotic prescription for UTI in these patients may induce the development of antibiotic-resistant urinary pathogens resulting in delayed recovery and longer hospitalization. In addition to these, biofilm forming capacity of the pathogen may worsen the problem. The main aim of this cross-sectional study (conducted from March to September 2015) is to detect the biofilm forming capacity of UTI causing micro-organisms and compare the antibiotic resistance pattern of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, the most common cause of UTI, which will help the physician in choosing the best antibiotic. <jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>. Total of 1,099 clean-catch mid stream urine (CCMSU) was processed by standard microbiological technique; 182 were from the diabetic group and 917 nondiabetic. Following identification, all isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In-vitro biofilm forming capacity of the isolates were detected by Microtitre plate method. The data were analyzed using SPSS software 16. <jats:italic>Result.<\/jats:italic> Urinary tract infection was found to be significantly higher in diabetic patients (42.9%) compared to nondiabetic patients (17.4%) with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> as the most common uropathogen in both diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Similarly, UTI was more common in elderly population (29.5%). Imipenem, nitrofurantoin and amikacin were found to be the most effective drug for uropathogenic <jats:italic>E. coli <\/jats:italic>in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients, whereas amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and cotrimoxazole were least effective. Of the total bacterial isolates, 43.3% showed positive results for in-vitro biofilm production by the Microtitre plate method. A significantly higher resistance rate was observed among biofilm producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> for quinolones, cotrimoxazole, and third generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone. Most of the biofilm producers (79.5%) were found to be MDR (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:math>-value 0.015). <jats:italic>Conclusion. <\/jats:italic>Elderly populations with diabetes are at a higher risk of UTI. Higher biofilm production and resistance to in-use antimicrobial agents in this study render its inefficacy for empirical treatment and point out the importance of biofilm screening to ensure the effective management of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1474578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T19:30:17Z","timestamp":1568921417000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["In-Vitro Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance of <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-1269","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sunayana","family":"Raya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Goldengate International College, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Belbase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Goldengate International College, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laxmi","family":"Dhakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Goldengate International College, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Govinda Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, B&B Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Baidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, B&B Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabin","family":"kishor Bimali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Goldengate International College, Battisputali, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v8.29088"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.s51792"},{"issue":"4","key":"4","first-page":"312","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Development & Research"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jmen.2014.01.00008"},{"issue":"21","key":"6","volume":"21","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.6.18189"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2012.1193"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12004"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2014.65"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000498"},{"key":"12","year":"2007"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00049-14"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"15","first-page":"996","volume":"22","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.167553"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v7i5.14908"},{"issue":"1","key":"18","first-page":"25","volume":"9","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Nepal Association for Medical Laboratory Sciences"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/jmmihs.v1i4.11998"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6573215"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2012\/4367.2537"},{"issue":"1","key":"22","first-page":"35","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"JHAS"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/bjhs.v2i1.17290"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2015.7438"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.13.38"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.175020"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/JBR2013.0122"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0689-9"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2012.129"},{"issue":"1","key":"30","first-page":"261","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2011.0469"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-47"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a010306"},{"issue":"6","key":"34","first-page":"945","volume":"139","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"35","first-page":"435","volume":"140","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01169.x"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_261_16"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.071746-0"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.43566"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.118416"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2019\/1474578.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2019\/1474578.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2019\/1474578.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T19:30:20Z","timestamp":1568921420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2019\/1474578\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["1474578","1474578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/1474578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]}}}