{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T13:25:24Z","timestamp":1768915524219,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-105-5R70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-105-5R70"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-104-4R43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-104-4R43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-103-3T11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-103-3T11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-105-5R70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-105-5R70"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-104-4R43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-104-4R43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-103-3T11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-103-3T11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-105-5R70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-105-5R70"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-104-4R43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-104-4R43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-103-3T11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-103-3T11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004694","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-105-5R70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-105-5R70"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-104-4R43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-104-4R43"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH-103-3T11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH-103-3T11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST107-2314-B-037-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Disease Markers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is a homodimeric glycoprotein. The main role of CSF-1 is as a hematopoietic growth factor that modulates proliferation, differentiation, and survival of macrophages. Moreover, CSF-1 has also been reported to be aberrantly expressed in several human cancers. However, the precise role of CSF-1 in upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) has not been studied. In this research, we examined the clinical significance of CSF-1 expression in UTUC. <jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>. One hundred twelve cancer tissue samples of UTUC from patients were included in this study, and the other cohort of 35 UTUC were paired cancer-adjacent normal samples. CSF-1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the association of CSF-1 expression with different clinicopathological variables was analyzed. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. CSF-1 expression was higher in UTUC than in the normal urothelium (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.005<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). The CSF-1 expression was primarily localized in the nucleus and was significantly correlated with tumor size (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.04<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and patients who had a high stage (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), distant metastasis (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.006<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), recurrence (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.003<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>), and cancer death (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.005<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). High CSF-1 expression was correlated with poor disease-free survival (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.008<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and cancer-specific survival (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.001<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). Our results also used univariate and multivariable analyses, which found that high CSF-1 expression was an independent predictor of poor disease-free survival (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\"><mml:mtext>hazard<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>\u2009<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>ratio<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>2.56<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>; <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.007<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>) and cancer-specific survival (<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\"><mml:mtext>hazard<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>\u2009<\/mml:mtext><mml:mtext>ratio<\/mml:mtext><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>5.14<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>; <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\"><mml:mi>P<\/mml:mi><mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo><mml:mn>0.022<\/mml:mn><\/mml:math>). <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. Our findings indicate that the expression of CSF-1 is a potential prognostic marker for predicting patient survival and recurrence in UTUC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2724948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]],"date-time":"2019-08-21T19:42:08Z","timestamp":1566416528000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["CSF-1 Overexpression Predicts Poor Prognosis in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-6945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Chi","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4889-095X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi-Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peir-In","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-884X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lin-Li","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3723-0443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A-Mei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3514-0391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hui-Hui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-7416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wen-Jeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2176-4942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ching-Chia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3239-0712","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jhen-Hao","family":"Jhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4208-3858","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hung-Lung","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343514"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.03.032"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990315)85:6<1342::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.07.042"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.12.027"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67019-X"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21332"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756287218815372"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01529-7"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1019"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.21756"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S132680"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01978.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2017.01.002"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.17367"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2004.09.016"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.355610"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.6.727"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1853"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.81150"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.09.103"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113977"},{"issue":"6","key":"23","first-page":"941","volume":"6","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-013-1523-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"25","first-page":"135","volume":"137","year":"1990","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2007.025"},{"issue":"1","key":"27","first-page":"121","volume":"13","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Cytokine Network"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.02.037"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1076-5"},{"issue":"4a","key":"30","first-page":"1797","volume":"16","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.11.006"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0961"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(85)80047-7"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1449"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.01945.x"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81959-5"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2013.12.005"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.03.018"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1995"},{"issue":"10","key":"40","first-page":"3861","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002675"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.2.120"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(01)00079-0"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2013.542"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02983248"}],"container-title":["Disease Markers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2019\/2724948.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2019\/2724948.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2019\/2724948.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T06:44:00Z","timestamp":1569221040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/dm\/2019\/2724948\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["2724948","2724948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/2724948","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-0240","1875-8630"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-0240","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8630","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,21]]}}}