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chondrocytes and cartilage defects model. <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts\/><mml:none\/><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mmultiscripts><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-CS was combined with pBudCE4.1-IGF-1, pBudCE4.1-miR-140, and negative control pBudCE4.1 to form pDNA\/<mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts\/><mml:none\/><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mmultiscripts><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-CS complexes. Then these complexes were transfected into chondrocytes or injected intra-articularly into the knee joints. High levels of IGF-1 and miR-140 expression were detected both<jats:italic> in vitro<\/jats:italic> and<jats:italic> in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Compared with pBudCE4.1 group,<jats:italic> in vitro<\/jats:italic>, the transgenic groups significantly promoted chondrocyte proliferation, increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, and ACAN, COL2A1, and TIMP-1 levels, and reduced the levels of nitric oxide (NO), MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5.<jats:italic> In vivo<\/jats:italic>, the exogenous genes enhanced COL2A1, ACAN, and TIMP-1 expression in cartilage and reduced cartilage Mankin score and the contents of NO, IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, and GAG contents in synovial fluid of rabbits, MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, COL1A2, and COL10A1 levels in cartilage. Double gene combination showed better results than single gene. This study indicate that <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\"><mml:mrow><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><mml:mprescripts\/><mml:none\/><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mml:mi><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:mmultiscripts><\/mml:mrow><\/mml:math>-CS is a better gene delivery vehicle in gene therapy for cartilage defects and that miR-140 combination IGF-1 transfection has better biologic effects on cartilage defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2761241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T19:30:34Z","timestamp":1553196634000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<sup>p<\/sup>NNS-Conjugated Chitosan Mediated IGF-1 and miR-140 Overexpression in Articular Chondrocytes Improves Cartilage 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