{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:54:28Z","timestamp":1772139268709,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["SFRH\/BD\/105506\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/105506\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typefaces have become an essential resource used by graphic designs to communicate. Some designers opt to create their own typefaces or custom lettering that better suits each design project. This increases the demand for novelty in type design, and consequently the need for good technological means to explore new thinking and approaches in the design of typefaces. In this work, we continue our research on the automatic evolution of glyphs (letterforms or designs of characters). We present an evolutionary framework for the automatic generation of type stencils based on fitness functions designed by the user. The proposed framework comprises two modules: the evolutionary system, and the fitness function design interface. The first module, the evolutionary system, operates a Genetic Algorithm, with a novelty search mechanism, and the fitness assignment scheme. The second module, the fitness function design interface, enables the users to create fitness functions through a responsive graphical interface, by indicating the desired values and weights of a set of behavioural features, based on machine learning approaches, and morphological features. The experimental results reveal the wide variety of type stencils and glyphs that can be evolved with the presented framework and show how the design of fitness functions influences the outcomes, which are able to convey the preferences expressed by the user. The creative possibilities created with the outcomes of the presented framework are explored by using one evolved stencil in a design project. This research demonstrates how Evolutionary Computation and Machine Learning may address challenges in type design and expand the tools for the creation of typefaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3509263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]],"date-time":"2019-03-26T23:42:00Z","timestamp":1553643720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evolving Stencils for Typefaces: Combining Machine Learning, User\u2019s Preferences and Novelty"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2019","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2638-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5562-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Penousal","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_2","volume-title":"Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers and Students","author":"Lupton E.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","volume-title":"Evolving Fonts","author":"Butterfield I.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","unstructured":"LundA. Evolving the shape of things to come: a comparison of direct manipulation and interactive evolutionary design Proceedings of the International Generative Art Conference Milan Domus Argenia Publisher 2000 Rome Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","volume-title":"The Alphabet Synthesis Machine","author":"Levin G.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UnemiT.andSodaM. An IEC-based support system for font design Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics 2003 Wash D.C. USA 968\u2013973.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2003.1243940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","volume-title":"GenoTyp, An Experiment about Genetic Typography","author":"Schmitz M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","unstructured":"KuzmaM. Interactive evolution of fonts 2008 Technical University of Ko\u0161ice."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","unstructured":"YoshidaK. NakagawaY. andK\u00f6ppenM. Interactive genetic algorithm for font generation system Proceedings of the World Automation Congress \u203210 2010 TSI Press 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16498-4_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MartinsT. CorreiaJ. CostaE. andMachadoP. Evotype: from shapes to glyphs Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference \u203216 2016 New York NY USA ACM 261\u2013268 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2908812.2908907.","DOI":"10.1145\/2908812.2908907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-77583-8_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MachadoP. MartinsT. AmaroH. andAbreuP. H. RomeroJ. McDermottJ. andCorreiaJ. An interface for fitness function design Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music and Art 2014 Granada Spain Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44335-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/LEON_a_01103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18272-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sentient Sketchbook: Computer-aided game level authoring","author":"Liapis A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"FDG"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VinhasA. Assun\u00e7\u00e3oF. CorreiaJ. Ek\u00e1rtA. andMachadoP. JohnsonC. CiesielskiV. CorreiaJ. andMachadoP. Evolutionary and biologically inspired music sound art and design Proceedings of the 5th International Conference EvoMUSART \u203216 2016 Cham Switzerland Springer International Publishing 225\u2013240 Lecture Notes in Computer Science https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-31008-4_16 2-s2.0-84962603680.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31008-4_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Typogr. Pap. 7","author":"Kindel E.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","volume-title":"Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography","author":"Craig J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05094-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","unstructured":"MachadoP. VinhasA. CorreiaJ. andEk\u00e1rtA. Evolving ambiguous images Proceedings of the IJCAI International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","unstructured":"CorreiaJ. MartinsT. MartinsP. andMachadoP. PachetF. CardosoA. CorrubleV. andGhediniF. X-Faces: the exploit is out there Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Computational Creativity (ICCC \u203216) 2016 Paris France Sony CSL 164\u2013182."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RomeroJ. MachadoP. SantosA. andCardosoA. On the development of critics in evolutionary computation artists Proceedings of the Workshops on Applications of Evolutionary Computation 2003 UK Springer Verlag Essex Zbl1033.68900.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36605-9_51"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","unstructured":"CorreiaJ. MachadoP. RomeroJ. andCarballalA. Evolving figurative images using expression-based evolutionary art Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Computational Creativity (ICCC \u203213) 2013 Creat 24\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MachadoP. CorreiaJ. andRomeroJ. MachadoP. RomeroJ. andCarballalA. Expression-based evolution of faces 7247 Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary and Biologically Inspired Music and Art EvoMUSART \u203212 2012 Springer Verlag 187\u2013198 Lecture Notes in Computer Science book series.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29142-5_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","unstructured":"SzegedyC. LiuW. JiaY. SermanetP. ReedS. AnguelovD. ErhanD. VanhouckeV. andRabinovichA. Going deeper with convolutions Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition CVPR \u203215 2015 USA 1\u20139 2-s2.0-84937522268."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","unstructured":"KrizhevskyA. SutskeverI. andHintonG. E. PereiraF. BurgesC. J. C. BottouL. andWeinbergerK. Q. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks Proceedings of the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems \u203212 2012 Curran Associates Inc. 1097\u20131105."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00344251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099408915729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MachadoP. CorreiaJ. andRomeroJ. MoraglioA. SilvaS. KrawiecK. MachadoP. andCottaC. Improving face detection Proceedings of the 15th European Conference on Genetic Programming (EuroGP \u203212) 2012 M\u00e1laga Spain Springer Berlin Heidelberg 73\u201384.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29139-5_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56927-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2012.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-2458-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","unstructured":"LehmanJ.andStanleyK. O. Exploiting open-endedness to solve problems through the search for novelty Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Artificial Life (ALIFE XI \u203208) 2008 Cambridge Mass USA MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","volume-title":"Typewriter Art: A Modern Anthology","author":"Tullett B.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1578284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","unstructured":"RebeloS. MartinsT. BickerJ. andMachadoP. Typography as image: experiments on typographic portraits Proceedings of the 9th Typography Meeting 2018 Tomar Portugal Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar."}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2019\/3509263.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2019\/3509263.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2019\/3509263","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T12:25:36Z","timestamp":1723033536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2019\/3509263"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jon","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2019\/3509263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2019\/3509263","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1076-2787","1099-0526"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1076-2787","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0526","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3509263"}}